A Very Diverse Kingdom

1. A Very Diverse Kingdom

2. Kingdom Animalia Characteristics • All animals share the following characteristics • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Reproduce sexually • Heterotrophic • Motile, at least for part of their life

3. Kingdom Animalia Features Animals are taxonomically grouped based on three main features: • Number of body layers • Type of Body cavity • Body Symmetry

4. Feature 1: Number of body layers The 3 main layers appear very early in embryonic development. In humans the layers are: • Ectoderm – skin, nerves • Mesoderm – muscles, blood, kidneys • Endoderm – lungs, liver, gut lining

5. Feature 2: Type of Body Cavity The two main types of body cavities are: • Coelomates –have a fluid filled body cavity that supports organ systems • Acoelmates – lack a fluid filled body cavity like flatworms

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7. Feature 3: Body Symmetry The three main types of symmetry are: • Bilateral – can be cut into two mirror images through a central line. • Radial – body is organized around a central axis. They are symmetrical around any central cut. • Asymmetry – no distinctive symmetry

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9. Animal Phyla • Animalia phyla are spilt into two major groups based on the presence or absence of a spinal cord and vertebra • Non-chordates or invertebrates • Chordates or vertebrates

10. Invertebrate Phyla • These are animals without a notochord (backbone) • There are eight phyla of invertebrates • Porifera, Sponges • Cnidarians, jellyfish • Platyhelminthes, Flatworms • Annelids, segemented worms pinworm • Nematoda, Roundworms • Mollusca, snails, clams • Echinoderms, starfish • Arthropods, insects, crabs spiders

11. 1. Porifera: Sponges • lack any definite symmetry • Sponges are the simplest animals, lack defined tissues and organs • Are hermaphroditic • Fertilized eggs become free-swimming larvae, which then attach to the ocean floor, metamorphose and become fixed in one place.

12. 2. Cnidarians: Jellyfish and Corals • Have radial symmetry • reproduce both sexual and asexually • Have tentacles with stinging cells that they use to capture food.

13. 3. Platyhelminthes: Flatworms • Have bilateral symmetry. • Free living worms are hermaphroditic, they generate a reproductive system only during breeding season. • Can be free-living or parasites.

14. 4. Nematodes: Roundworms • Have bilateral symmetry. • Have long thin, round worm like bodies • Most are free-living, however some are parasitic and can cause major health concerns. • Simplest organisms to have a complete digestive tract.

15. 5. Annelida: Segmented Worms • Have bilateral symmetry • Have round, segmented bodies which is beneficial for movement, can move different parts at a time, increases flexibility. • Have a coelom

16. 6. Mollusca: Snails, Clams, Squid • Have bilateral symmetry • Are coelomic • They are soft-bodied animals. Most cover their body with a shell for protection.

17. 7. Echinodermata: Starfish • Have radial symmetry • Have spiny outer covering for protection • Move by changing water pressure inside tubes in the arms • Can be stationary or burrowing • Have a coelom

18. 8. Arthropoda: Insects and Spiders • Have bilateral symmetry. • Ecologically important part of food chains due to their abundant numbers • Have a coelom, including simple respiratory, circulatory and excretory systems • There are four group of arthropods: • Arachnids (spiders) • Centipedes & Millipedes • Crustaceans (crabs, shrimp) • Insects