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Warm-Up

Warm-Up. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. This is an example of what type of classical conditioning? What is the US? UR? CS? CR?. Warm-up Answer.

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Warm-Up

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  1. Warm-Up • You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. • This is an example of what type of classical conditioning? • What is the US? UR? CS? CR?

  2. Warm-up Answer • You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However, you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever you smell it. • This is an example of Taste Aversion. • US – Flu Sickness • UR – Nausea • CS – New food • CR – Nausea to the new food

  3. Operant Conditioning

  4. Operant Conditioning • In operant conditioning, people and animals learn to do certain things – and not to do others – because of the results of what they do. • Reinforcement is the process by which a stimulus increases the chances that the preceding behavior will occur again.

  5. B.F. Skinner • Who was Skinner? What was his study of psychology called? • Behaviorism

  6. Skinner’s Project Pigeon • Skinner proposed training pigeons to guide missiles to targets during WWII. • The pigeons would be given food pellets for pecking at targets on a screen. • Once they had learned to peck targets they would be placed in missiles where pecking at similar targets would adjust the missile’s flight path.

  7. Skinner’s Box • Skinner then began to study behavior and devised an animal cage ideal for laboratory experimentation. • Skinner would place a rat deprived of food inside the box and waited to see if it would press a lever to get food. • The rat at first just sniffed around, but soon began pressing the lever with more frequency.

  8. Argument Against Skinner • One major objection to the Skinnerian approach to psychology is that it does not take into account internal thoughts and feelings. • Video of Skinner http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA

  9. Types of Reinforcers • Reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of the organism are called primary reinforcers. • Examples are food, water, and adequate warmth.

  10. Types of Reinforcers • Secondary Reinforcers must be learned. • Secondary reinforcers initially acquire their value through being paired with established reinforcers. • Examples are money, attention, and social approval.

  11. Types of Reinforcers • Positive Reinforcersincrease the frequency of the behavior they follow when they are applied. • Food, fun activities, and social approval are usually examples of positive reinforcers.

  12. Types of Reinforcers • Negative Reinforcers are when a behavior is reinforced because something unwanted stops happening or is removed following the behavior. • Discomfort, fear, and social disapproval are negative reinforcers.

  13. Rewards and Punishments • Rewards are used interchangeably with positive reinforcements. • Punishments are unwanted events that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow.

  14. Activity • Reinforcement and Punishment sheet.

  15. Warm-up • What are Primary Reinforcers? Give Examples. • What are Secondary Reinforcers? Give Examples. • What are Positive Reinforcers? Give Examples. • What are Negative Reinforcers? Give Examples. • How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement?

  16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euINCrDbbD4&feature=related

  17. Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement is reinforcement everytime the behavior occurs. • Example is the rats in Skinners box received food every time they pressed the lever.

  18. Schedules of Reinforcement • In partial reinforcement, a behavior is not reinforced every time it occurs. • Example: People who go to the movies may not enjoy every movie they see, but they continue to go to the movies because they enjoy some of the movies. • Behavior learned through partial reinforcement tends to last longer after being reinforced.

  19. Interval Schedules • A fixed-interval schedule is when a fixed amount of time before reinforcement is given for that behavior. • Farmers are familiar with a fixed-interval schedule, for example, because fruits only ripen in the spring.

  20. Interval Schedules • In a variable-interval schedule, varying amounts of time go by between reinforcements. • For example a reinforcement may occur at 10:00, but not again until 10:08, but then at 10:09, and not again until 10:23. • The response rate is steadier because due to the timing being unpredictable.

  21. Ratio Schedules • In a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses have been made. • With a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses have been made. • An example of this is a slot machine.

  22. Activity • Schedules of Reinforcement

  23. Shaping • Shaping is a way of teaching complex behaviors in which one first reinforces small steps in the right direction. • Learning to ride a bicycle is an example of this. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAtDw87bhcw

  24. Activity • Shaping game

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