New Movements in America

1. New Movements in America Chapter 14

2. Immigration QUESTION #1 a, 2 • increased dramatically 1840- 1860 • Irish largest group 1.5 million poor, starving due to Irish potato famine low paying factory jobs , manual labor (canals and RR’s, domestic servants

3. Immigration QUESTION 1 b, 2 • Germans 1 million failed democratic revolution….economics bought farms and businesses NY, PA, and the Mid-West

4. Impact of Immigration • Changed the character of the country (languages, customs, religions -most Irish and half Germans were Catholic)

5. Immigrants Face Prejudice • In the 1830’s and 1840’s anti-immigrants feelings rose • Why? changing the country too much taking jobs from “real” Americans brought crime and disease to cities

6. Immigrants Face Prejudice QUESTION # 4 • People opposed to immigration were known as NATIVISTS • The nativists formed a secret anti-Catholic society and new political party • This new political party was the AMERICAN PARTY but came to be known as the “KNOW-NOTHING PARTY” • stricter citizenship laws (5-21 yrs) and ban foreign born from holding public office

7. Cities Come of Age • Growth of factories and trade…growth of cities • Industrial towns grew quickest (rivers and streams) • Older cities (New York, Boston, Baltimore) became centers of commerce • Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville profited from their locations QUESTION #5

8. Cities and Towns in the early 1800’s • Buildings made of wood or brick • Streets, sidewalks unpaved • Barnyard animals in the street • Overcrowding…tenements • No indoor plumbing • No sewers to carry waste and dirty water away • Disease (yellow fever epidemic in Philly, 1793; Cholera in NYS 1832 and 1849) • Fire danger • CRIME • POSITIVE: Variety of jobs, steady wages, libraries, shops, museums QUESTION #6

9. Chapter 14- Section 2 AMERICAN ARTS

10. Cultural Changes • The changes in American society influenced American art and literature. • Previously, inspiration for painters and writers came from Europe but beginning in the 1820’s American artists developed their own style and explored American themes.

11. The Reforming Spirit • The men and women who led the reform movement wanted to spread the American ideals of freedom and liberty to all Americans. • They believed that the US should live up to the noble goals states in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution • The Reform Era brought changes in American religion, politics, education, art, and literature.

12. The Reforming Spirit QUESTION #2 • Some reformers sought to improve society by forming UTOPIAS (communities based on an perfect society). • New Harmony, Indiana established in 1825 was one such utopian society. It was dedicated to cooperation rather that competition from its members. • Few utopian communities last more that a few years. • The Shakers, The Mormons, and other religious groups also built communities. • Only the Mormons established a stable, enduring community

13. QUESTION #1 The Transcendentalists • The American spirit of reform influenced a group known as transcendentalists. • Transcendentalists thought that people could transcend or rise above the material things in life. They believed that people should depend on themselves and their own insights, rather than on outside authorities. • Writers such as Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau were leading transcendentalists.

14. The Transcendentalists • Fuller, in her writings, supported rights for women. • Emerson urged people to listen to their inner voice and breaks the bonds of prejudice. • Thoreau out his beliefs into practice through civil disobedience- refusing to obey laws he thought to be unjust. In 1846, Thoreau went to jail rather than pay a tax to support the Mexican War.

15. American Romanticism • Ideas about simple life and nature also inspired painters and writers in the mid-1800’s • Romanticism involved a great interest in nature; an emphasis on individual expression. • American artists painted American landscapes; wrote historical fiction, and American based poetry QUESTION #3

16. Other Writers Question #4 • The transcendentalists were not the only important writers of the time. • Many classic American poets flourished…Henry Wadsworth Longfellow…Walt Whitman…and Emily Dickinson… Edgar Allan Poe. Novelists like Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter) and Melville (Moby Dick) • Women writers of the time were not taken seriously yet were the authors of the most popular fiction. • Harriet Beecher Stowe and Uncle Tom’s Cabin End 14-2

17. Reforming Society Chapter 14 Section 3

18. The Religious Influence Question #1 • In the early 1800’s, a wave of religious fervor swept the nation. • The is known as The Second Great Awakening • Revivals (Charles Finney) • The SGA: increased church membership inspired people to do missionary work inspired people to join reform movements; to right the wrongs they saw in society

19. The Temperance MovementThe war against alcohol QUESTION #2 • Religious leaders led this movement. • in the 1800’s, public drunkenness was common • Alcohol abuse was common; especially in the West and among urban workers • Alcohol abuse was blamed for: poverty the breakup of families crime insanity

21. The Temperance Movement • Movement used lectures, pamphlets and revival-style rallies to tell against the evils of alcohol • Maine passed a law which forbid the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages • Other states passed similar laws. • People resented these laws and most were repealed after several years • The US Constitution was amended to prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcohol (18th Amendment in 1919; repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933

22. Reforming Education • In the early 1800’s, only New England had free public elementary schools. • In other areas, parents had to pay a fee or send their children to a school for the poor- a choice some parents refused our of pride. • The leader of education reform was HORACE MANN (head of the Mass. Bd. of Education) • Mann improved school curriculum, doubled teachers salaries, developed ways to better train teachers, and lengthened the school year to six months

23. Reforming Education QUESTION # 3 • By the 1850’s, most states had accepted three basic principles of public education • Schools should be free and supported by taxes • teachers should be trained • children should be required to attend school

24. Reforming Education (exceptions) • Most females received a limited education • Many parents believed that a woman’s role was as wife and mother and, therefore, girls did not need an education • When girls did go to school, they often studied music or needlework rather than science, math and history (these were considered “men’s subjects”) • In the West, people lived so far apart there were no schools to attend.

25. Higher Education • Dozens of new colleges were created during the age of reform. • Most admitted only men. • many were founded by religious groups. • Slowly, higher education was made available to those who had been denied it. Mount Holyoke (1837) was the first permanent women’s college. Ashmun Institute (later called Lincoln University) was the first college for African-Americans (1854- Pennsylvania)

26. People with Special Needs • Thomas Gallaudet developed a method to teach people who were hearing impaired, and opened the Hartford School for the Deaf in 1817. • Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe advanced the cause of those who were visually impaired. Books with raised letters…Perkins Institute in Boston

27. Dorthea Dix • Dorthea Dix was a school teacher who began visiting prisons in 1841. • She found the prisoners living in inhumane conditions—chained to the walls with little or no clothing, often in unheated cells • Dorthea Dix made it her life’s work to educate people on the poor conditions of prisoners and the mentally ill.

28. African-American Communities Question # 4 • A-A in the north generally lived in segregated communities • A-A were also influenced by the SGA • - pressed for racial equality and education • African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) broke away from the Methodist Church because of poor treatment from whites • A-A in the North and Mid-West had improved opportunities to get an education

29. African- American Education • Philadelphia one of the first cities to end segregation…followed by Boston • 1835 Oberlin College admitted blacks…soon followed by Harvard. • African-American colleges began opening. (Avery College 1849 Philly) • The limited opportunities that existed in the North and Mid-West did not exist for blacks in the South

30. The Movement to End Slavery Chapter 14 Section 4

31. The Abolitionists Question #1 • The spirit if reform sweeping the US in the early 1800’s was not limited to improving education and expanding the arts. • It also including the members of a growing group called abolitionists. • Abolitionists wanted to abolish or put an end to slavery. • NW Ordinance, Constitutional Convention, Mo Compromise

32. The Abolitionists • The religious revival and the reform movement of the early and mid-1800’s gave new life to the anti-slavery movement. • Many American had come to believe the slavery was wrong. As new territories were added the question of slavery was continuing to be raised more often. • Many of the early abolitionists came from the Quaker faith, like Benjamin Lundy who founded a newspaper to spread the anti-slavery message.

33. QUESTION # 2 Differences Among Abolitionists • Religious reasons (Quakers, etc.) • Declaration of Independence (All men are created equal…country was founded on liberty) • How much equality? • Same as whites? • Some were against fill social and political equality

34. QUESTION #3 The American Colonization Society • The first large scale anti-slavery movement was not aimed at abolishing slavery but at re-settling African-Americans in Africa or the Caribbean. • The ACS, founded in 1816, bought enslaved workers and sent them abroad to start new lives. • The ACS acquired land on the west coast of Africa and called it Liberia (place for freedom) • Some 12-20,000 AA were re-settled in Liberia • Small %...most AA did not want to go

35. Change in the Movement • Reformers soon began to realize that the gradual approach to end slavery had failed (see cotton boom) • Beginning in about 1830, the abolition of slavery became the most pressing social issue for reformers QUESTION #3– next several slides

36. Famous Abolitionists…William Lloyd Garrison • William Lloyd Garrison- founded an anti-slavery called “The Liberator”. He called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. “I will not retreat a single inch –AND I WILL BE HEARD! • WLG started the New England Anti-Slavery Society and the American Anti-Slavery Society. By 1838, these societies had more than 1,000 local chapters.

37. The Grimke Sisters • Sarah and Angelina Grimke were born into a slave holding family in South Carolina • They moved to Philadelphia in 1832 and lectured against slavery • Immediately freed their families slaves when they inherited the plantation. • American Slavery: As It Is one of the most influential abolitionists publications • Tried to recruit other Southern women in pamphlet Appeal to Christian Women of the South

38. African-American Abolitionists • The abolition of slavery was an important goal of many free African-Americans in the North. • Fredrick Douglass escaped slavery…powerful speaker…editor of The North Star…spoke in the US and Europe…advisor to Lincoln

39. African-American Abolitionists • Sojourner Truth Born as “Belle”…she escaped slavery worked in the abolitionist and women’s movements

40. Question #5 THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD • Some abolitionists risked imprisonment and even death by secretly helping slaves escape. • The Network of escape route from the South to the North became known as “The Underground Railroad” • No trains, not underground • traveled at night, rested at safe houses (stations) during the day • Conductors were whites and African-Americans who helped guide the runaways to freedom

42. Harriet Tubman • After her escape from slavery, Harriet Tubman became the most famous conductor on the Underground Railroad • Known as the “Moses” of her people, Ms. Tubman made 19 trips back into the South to help others escape. • $40,000 award for her cpature

43. QUESTION # 6…part 1 CLASHES OVER ABOLITIONISM • Many Southerners, slave and non-slave holders, opposed abolition • Many people in the North also opposed abolition • Even in the North, abolitionists never numbered more than a small fraction of the population • Many Northerners saw it as a threat to the nation’s social order, that it could tear the country apart and that freed blacks could never blend into American society

44. Violence over abolition • In the 1830’s, a Philadelphia mob burned the city’s anti-slavery headquarters to the ground and set off a race riot • In Boston, an angry mob threatened to hang William Lloyd Garrison • Three times angry whites destroyed the presses of Elias Lovejoy, editor of an anti-slavery newspaper

45. Violence over abolition • Each time, Lovejoy would install new presses and resume publication. • The fourth time, the mob set fire to the building. When Lovejoy came out of the burning building he was shot and killed.

46. [it is like] a fireball in the night, which awakened and filled me with terror I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It might be put to rest for a time. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence . . . . we have the wolf by the ears and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale and self-preservation is in the other. - Thomas Jefferson on the Missouri Compromise

47. Federal Government Obstructs Abolitionists • 1836- 1844 U.S. House of Reps. Had a “Gag rule” on the issue of slavery • Gag rule forbid member of Congress from discussing slavery even though they had received thousands of anti-slavery petitions • Problem? • Overturned by rep. and former president JQA

48. The South reacts..in defense of slavery #6…part 2 • South claimed that slavery was essential for the South • allowed whites to reach a higher level of culture • Southerners treated enslaved people well • African-Americans were better off under white care than their own • Conflict between slavery and anti-slavery forces continued to mount. End 14-4

49. Women’s Rights Chapter 14 Section 5

50. Question # 1, 2 next several slides The Women’s Movement • Many involved in the abolition movement were women. They also began to question their position in society. • LUCREATIA MOTT- a Quaker, she gave lectures in Philadelphia calling for temperance, peace, workers’ rights and abolition.