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Cell Respiration

Cell Respiration. Converting Chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates to the chemical energy of ATP. Carbs. Complex Carbohydrates Starch Glycogen Simple Carbohydrates Glucose-blood sugar…..yeast cells Fructose-fruit sugar Sucrose-plant sugar Lactose-milk sugar.

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Cell Respiration

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  1. Cell Respiration Converting Chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates to the chemical energy of ATP.

  2. Carbs • Complex Carbohydrates • Starch • Glycogen • Simple Carbohydrates • Glucose-blood sugar…..yeast cells • Fructose-fruit sugar • Sucrose-plant sugar • Lactose-milk sugar

  3. Cellular Respiration • Respiration releases energy for use by the organism • Respiration involves four biochemical systems • Anaerobic-processes that occur without oxygen     a. Glycolysis     b. Fermentation • Aerobic-processes that occur only if there is enough Oxygen     a. Kreb's cycle      b. Electron transport system • Respiration pathways are different between prokaryotes

  4. Overall (Aerobic) Equation • 1 glucose + 6 oxygen = 6 carbon dioxide + 6 water + energy • C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy • C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 36 ADP + 36P  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP • ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

  5. Cytoplasm:Location of GLYCOLYSIS (STAGE 1) Anaerobic Respiration Most primative form of respiration 2 ATP net yield Mitochondrion: Energy Producing Organelle Aerobic Respiration Eukaryotic Cells Kreb’s Cycle (STAGE 2) Electron Transport (STAGE 3) 36 ATP net yield In the Cell…

  6. Stage 1: Glycolysis Glucose (6C) 2 ATP = ATP Phosphorylation 2 ADP 2 PGAL (3C) 2NAD+ 2NADH + 2H+ 3-Carbon Compound x2 4 ADP 4 ATP 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid (3C)

  7. Stage 1: Glycolysis Energy Balance: Cost: -2 ATP Gain: +4 ATP Net: +2 ATP

  8. Stage 1: Glycolysis • Recovery of NAD through fermentation: NAD is consumed through glycolysis and needs to be regenerated to keep glycolysis going… • In Animalia and Plante: NAD is replenished through lactic acid fermentation • In Fungi: NAD is replenished through alcohol fermentation

  9. Lactic Acid Fermentation Glycolysis 2 Pyruvic Acid C-C-C Glucose C-C-C-C-C-C NAD+ NADH + H+ Lactic Acid C-C-C

  10. Alcohol Fermentation Glycolysis Pyruvic Acid C-C-C Glucose C-C-C-C-C-C CO2 C NAD+ NADH + H+ 2 Carbon compound C-C Ethyl Alcohol C-C

  11. Ethyl Alcohol (Ethanol) • 2-carbon organic molecule • Single hydroxide (OH) makes it an alcohol • Mammals evolved to be able to digest only ethyl alcohol due to its presence in rotting fruits • When the fermentation of wine reaches a 12% Ethanol concentration the yeast cells die.

  12. Efficiency of Glycolysis • calorie = an amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one ml of water by 1° C. • Kilocalorie= 1000 calories • 12 kcals required to phosphorylate one ADP molecule Energy to make ATP Efficiency of glycolysis X 100 = Energy Released by Complete Oxidation of Glucose

  13. Efficiency of Glycolysis Energy to make ATP % Efficiency of glycolysis X 100 = Energy Released by Complete Oxidation of Glucose 2 x 12 kcal X 100 = 686 kcal = 3.5 %

  14. Cell Respiration Overview

  15. Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Cell

  16. M a t r i x Mitochondria Outer Membrane Inner Membrane Cristae (folds of inner membrane) Matrix

  17. The Kreb’s Cycle (Stage 2)If there is enough oxygen.. AND the cell is evolved to the point where it has mitochondria • Aerobic Respiration • Further breaks down the original bonds of glucose. • Begins with the release of CO2 • Occurs in the MATRIX of the mitochondria

  18. Kreb’s CycleInitial conversion of pyruvic acid.. Pyruvic Acid C-C-C Co A (coenzyme A) CO2 C NADH + H+ NAD+ Acetyl CoA C-C

  19. Kreb’s Cycle (citric acid cycle) CoA Acetyl CoA C-C CO2 Citric Acid (6C) NAD+ NADH + H+ 2X 5-carbon compound (5C) Oxaloacetic Acid (4C) CO2 NADH+H+ ADP NAD+ ATP 4-carbon compoud (4C) 4-carbon compound(4C) FADH2 FAD

  20. The Electron Transport Chain (Stage 3) • Aerobic Respiration Only • Occurs in the cristae of mitochondria. • FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) AND NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) bring electrons and hydrogen to the cristae of mitochondria. • High-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a sequence of proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane until O2 finally accepts them and H2O is created.

  21. The Electron Transport Chain (Stage 3) NADH NADH Cytoplasm Matrix NADH FADH2 NADH NADH NADH NADH NADH NADH FADH2 NADH

  22. The Electron Transport Chain (Stage 3) Cytoplasm e- e- e- e- e- e- e- e- NAD H H NAD FAD H H H NAD H NAD NAD NAD H NAD H NAD H NAD H NAD H FAD H Matrix

  23. The Electron Transport Chain (Stage 3) Cytoplasm H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ e- ATP ATP Synthase ADP+PO4 +4 O2+ 4 2H2O Matrix

  24. Efficiency of Glycolysis Energy to make ATP % Aerobic Respiration X 100 = Energy Released by Complete Oxidation of Glucose 38 x 12 kcal X 100 = 686 kcal = 66%

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