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Public Transport

Public Transport. Contents. Need and Importance of Public Transport in India Types of Mass Transit Systems available and how to select the one suitable for the city Importance of Multi-modal Integration Development of City Bus System Use of Technology in Public Transport

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Public Transport

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  1. Public Transport

  2. Contents • Need and Importance of Public Transport in India • Types of Mass Transit Systems available and how to select the one suitable for the city • Importance of Multi-modal Integration • Development of City Bus System • Use of Technology in Public Transport • Importance of Marketing and Customer Service • Way Forward

  3. Why do we need Public Transport and what are the benefits of Public Transport?

  4. Public Transport Scenario in India • Declining trend in Public Transport Source: Ministry of Surface Transport 2003 PT growth has diminished to 1.13%

  5. Why People Don’t Use PT • Inconvenience in terms of location of bus stops / stations and low frequency of services • Failure to service key Origins – Destinations • Fear of crime at stations and within buses • Lack of passenger information • Service is slower than private vehicles and buses make frequent stops • Overloading of vehicles makes rides uncomfortable • Public transport is more expensive than 2-wheelers • Poor quality infrastructure (shelters, bus stations, and unclean vehicles) • Low status of public transit services

  6. Ill effects of using private vehicles and ignoring PT Source: World Wide Web

  7. Need for Good Public Transport Four Reasons • To Counter ----- Congestion on Roads • To Minimize ----- Energy Consumption • To Ensure ------ Healthy Environment • To Improve ------ Safety for all Benefits • Time savings – benefit to transit users • Fuel savings from transport operations • Air quality improvement (reduced emissions) • Green house gas reduction • Noise and vibration reduction • Other environmental improvement (reduced solid and liquid waste, reduced impact on flora and fauna)

  8. Now let’s look at differenttypesof Mass Transit Systems available and how to select suitable system

  9. Mass Transit Options • Heavy Rail Transit (HRT) or Subway or Metro • Automated Guide way Transit (AGT) • Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) • Advanced Rapid Transit (ART) • People Mover • Monorail • Light Rail Transit (LRT) • Commuter Rail (CR) • Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) • Bus

  10. Mass Transit Options - 1 Heavy Rail Transit (HRT) - Metro • Trains of high performance, electrically powered rail cars operating in exclusive rights-of-way • Metro is the most common international term for Heavy Rail Transit. • Maximum service speeds range from 50 to 70 kmph • Conventional two rail "railroad" tracks, plus a slightly raised third rail • Full grade separation ensures safety Cars are typically about 75 feet long by 10 feet wide, with about 75 seats Standing capacity of about 200. Train lengths can vary from 2-10 cars Practical headways can be as short as two minutes Capacity of up to 60,000 PHPD passengers

  11. Mass Transit Options - 2 Monorail • Guided transit mode with vehicles riding on or suspended from a single rail, beam, or tube. • Vehicles may employ steel wheel or rubber tire support. Supported or suspended • Won’t run on a single rail, runs on the surface of a rather large beam, or inside an enclosed box structure. • Grade separated guide ways to accommodate rubber-tire mono-beams • Trains are articulated, 4-car units about 42 m long by 2.6 m wide, with about 60 seats. Seat & standing capacity of 215 passengers • Ultimate capacity of 20,000 PHPD passengers

  12. Mass Transit Options - 3 Light Rail Transit Commonly referred to as “streetcars” or “trolleys.” • Most systems are powered by overhead electric wires • Run on either exclusive or shared rights-of-way with or without grade crossings, or occasionally in mixed traffic lanes on city streets. • Tracks can be laid in any of three generic right-of-way (ROW) categories • Cars are typically articulated, about 28 m long by 2.65 m wide, with about 75 seats • Trains vary from 2-4 cars, with a 4-car train capable of carrying about 300 seated passengers, and a total of up to 750 passengers.

  13. Mass Transit Options - 4 Commuter Rail / Regional Rail • Commuter Rail is a mode of transportation that is based on operating passenger trains on the tracks of the general railroad system, which is shared with freight trains. • The Commuter rail can carry about 75,000 passengers per hour per direction.

  14. Mass Transit Options – 5 BRT BUSES • BRTS in Bogota and Curitiba carry around 40,000 pphpd! • BRT is a bus operation generally characterized by use of exclusive or reserved rights-of-way (bus ways) that permit higher speeds and avoidance of delays from general traffic flows. • Include reverse lane operation on limited access roadways, and/or prioritization of at-grade bus movements through signalized intersections. • A standard BRTS bus can carry 5000 pphpd and with an overtaking lane, this number could reach 8000.

  15. Mass Transit Options - 6 Other Modes • Sky bus • Maglev • Funicular rail • People mover • Ropeway • Gondola

  16. Selection Criteria for MRTs • Availability of the mode to meet demand • Cost • Right-of-way availability • Environmental impact • Journey time • Safety • Comfort • Flexibility • Reliability • Fare • Technical sophistication • Implementation complexities • Image An Alternative Analysis evaluates the following: • Social displacement cost • Land acquisition cost • Maintenance cost • Salvage cost • Vehicle operating cost savings • Value of travel time savings • Value of savings in accidents • Savings in maintenance costs • Improvements in administration, law, and order • Improvements in health and education • Improvements in agriculture, industry, and trade • etc.

  17. Multi-Modal Integration Benefits of Integration and What all needs to be integrated?

  18. Why Integration…? • Maximizes the use of public transportation; makes public transport more attractive • Ensures destinations are reachable by public transport alone • Improves the user experience by reducing the burden and costs of transfers. • Service optimization reduces the costs and negative externalities in energy consumption and pollutant emissions Urban rail systems (metro) rely on large numbers of passengers outside of walking distance from stations. These passengers typically depend on buses or IPT as feeder modes. Hence, it is important that these modes are efficiently integrated to gain maximum benefit.

  19. What needs to be Integrated …………? • Corridor Integration • Pedestrian Integration • Bicycle Integration • Other Public Transport Systems Integration • Para-Transit Or Intermediate Public Transport Integration • Park and Ride Integration • Institutional Integration • For details on Integrated Infrastructure Planning, please refer to “Integrated Infrastructure Planning’ Module

  20. Benefits of Modal Integration a.Potential Benefits for Transit Operators • Increased ridership and fare revenue improved productivity and profitability • Potentially lower vehicle and driver requirements for operators • Potentially improved service on under-supplied routes due to reassigned resources • Reduced route supervision requirements if several feeder routes terminate at transfer interchange

  21. Benefits of Modal Integration - 2 b. Potential Benefits for Passengers • Greater accessibility and mobility • Potential time savings along same route • Wider selection of transport services at transfer interchange • Greater transfer convenience at interchange c. Potential Benefits for Public • Reduced pollution and environmental degradation previously caused by route duplication • Economic benefits due to less congested corridors

  22. Levels of Integration • Operational - Operational integration involves the coordination of routes, itineraries and frequencies • Physical - Entails the creation of facilities to streamline the transfers, including terminals with paid areas • Information – Involves the integration of electronic information such as passenger information, vehicle tracking, etc. • Fare - Involves the use of the same media to validate payment and the provision of discounts or free transfers between services • Institutional - Involves working different transportation-related agencies in tandem towards providing an efficient transit system

  23. Now, let’s look at some examplesof modal integration……

  24. Pedestrian Integration BOGOTA - Source: BRTS Planning Guide, GIZ JanMarg - Ahmedabad - Source: BRTS Ahmedabad

  25. Integration of autorickshaws at Anand Vihar Terminal, New Delhi Photograph: Secured bicycle parking at University Metro Station, New Delhi Integration with other modes Integration between Bus and Rail - Singapore Level 1 Integration between BRTS and LRT in Zurich

  26. Example of ‘not so good’ integration…….. New Delhi DMRC Interchange Distance 850 m • Bus Stop • Metro Station • Existing route Airport Express Link • No connectivity between two metro lines i.e. Airport link & DMRC Interchange. • Lack of pedestrian concourse for people to move seamlessly. • No provision for NMT facilities along the stretch.

  27. Conclusions Modal Integration can be achieved by: • Rationalization and feeder bus systems • Integrated ticketing • Transfer facilities • Landuse planning • Private vehicle controls

  28. Concepts of Developing a City Bus System

  29. City Bus Service Components Manpower & Training Regulatory Agency Property Development Marketing & PR City Bus Service Components IT & Control Systems Integrated Parking Operations Fare Collection infrastructure Vehicles Maintenance infrastructure Planning Agency Bus stops & terminals

  30. Steps in City Bus System Development Steps Surveys to be conducted • Travel demand assessment • Route planning / Route Rationalization • Operations plan – schedule, frequency, etc. • Fare structure and collection system design • Business Planning • ITS and control systems design • Marketing strategy, branding and promotion • Institutional options • Road Network Inventory • Classified Traffic Volume Count • Origin and Destination Survey • Speed and Delay survey • Occupancy survey • Bus Boarding-Alighting Survey • Willingness to Pay Survey • For details on Demand Estimation and Surveys, please refer to “Demand Estimation’ Module

  31. Route Planning - 3 Types of Bus Route Networks • RADIAL - Suitable for cities with strong central core around which the development has taken place. Population density reduces from CBD to fringes CBD • RADIAL AND CIRCULAR - Suitable for cities where the activity centers are developed along radial corridors

  32. Route Planning - 5 • GRID - Suitable for cities having multiple activity centers spread uniformly throughout • TRUNK AND FEEDER - Suitable for cities that have evolved linearly along a major corridor and the activity centers are spread parallel along the corridor

  33. Need for Route Rationalization • Inter-modal Competition • Makes Organized Public Transport Services non-viable. • Leads to chaos – speeding of vehicles. • Need for Rational Segregation of Route Structure for Collective Viability of entire Public Transport System • Trunk Route Network: Mass Transit System - BRT • Standard Bus Network: Standard Buses • Intermediate Public • Transport Network: Minibuses and other IPT modes

  34. Rationalization of Existing Bus Routes

  35. Bhopal – Multi Modal Integrated Public Transportation System Trunk Routes (BRT) Standard Routes (BCLL Bus Routes) Complementary / IPT Routes (Mini Bus, Tata Magic )

  36. Route Rationalization for Bhopal City Trunk Routes (BRT Routes) IPT & Complementary Routes • Trunk Routes: connecting major activity centers by Bus Rapid Transit System. • Standard routes: connecting major origin destination pairs of the city. • Complementary/ IPT: These are complementary feeder service to Trunk and standard routes

  37. Planning for Physical Infrastructure • Bus Way Infrastructure • Terminals, Bus stations & Bus shelters • Depots, Night parking yards for buses • Control Center, Information Centers • Public Utilities • Transfer Stations • Landscaping • Commercial Space • Integration infrastructure with other modes • Park and Ride facilities • For details on infrastructure planning, please refer to “Integrated Infrastructure Planning” Module

  38. Technology in Urban Transport ….

  39. Types of Technology • Technology conjures up images of modernity and sophistication and helps to sell project concepts • Technology with real-time information displays improves operational efficiency and customer service.

  40. Issues and Need for ITS • Declining Share of Public Transport • Declining Patronage as reflected in the decreasing Load Factor • Reduction in Avg. Speed of buses • Declining productivity of assets reflected in the decreasing Fleet Utilization • High incidence of Dead Kms • Reduction in fuel efficiency (KMPL) • Reduction in average tyre life • Losses from various irregularities (misappropriation, traffic irregularities, damages, thefts, etc.) • ITS applications will help to improve the patronage of PTA services by • Retaining the existing users • Attracting non-users by providing more efficient, reliable and safe services.

  41. Basic ITS Technologies • PIVOTS

  42. Benefits of PIVOTS • Improved: • bus safety, • operational efficiency, • system control, • quality of service & • system integration. • Reduced need for voice communication. • Bilingual PIS in cosmopolitan city • Improved transit service and visibility • Increased customer convenience • Enhanced compliance to Disabilities Act requirements. • Less overcrowding in buses. • Willingness to use the transit system.

  43. Economic benefits of PIVOTS • Savings in : • fleet acquisition cost through reduction in fleet size. • operational cost by increased efficiency. • staff cost by way of saved person-hours due to improved scheduled adherence. • Life Cycle Cost of the vehicle (through optimum utilization of fleet). • Increased revenues from higher ridership.

  44. Fare Transaction Media Source: Bus System Toolkit, Wilbur Smith Associates Inc, Bangalore.

  45. Fare Transaction Media - 1 Cash and Paper Media • Simplest but slowest fare media option because of necessary transaction time, particularly if exact fare is required • Require visual verification or manual validation • Impacts service times

  46. Fare Transaction Media - 2 Magnetic Strip Media • Plastic cards with imprinted magnetic stripe that stores information about its value or use • Requires electronic readers which determine the fare payment time • Have implication on dwell times depending on the fare collection process and machinery

  47. Fare Transaction Media - 3 Smart Cards • Smart cards generally support faster and more flexible fare collection system • Permits faster processing time than magnetic stripe card • Facilitate processing of differentiated fare structures such as time based and distance based fare structures • Permit fare integration across several modes and Operators

  48. Benefits and Impacts of Electronic Fare Collection System • Improved flexibility in terms of fare options and fare structure. • Improved Revenue accountability and security. • Reduced fare abuse, including counterfeit of payment medium. • Reduced need of operating staff. • On line/quick transfer of fare box revenue. • Improved convenience for riders, e.g. no need for exact change. • Ancillary revenue from unused value on stored value cards. • Improved tracking of ridership and revenue impacts of different fare initiatives.

  49. Vehicle Technology - Bus • Buses have an important bearing on ridership attraction, system performance, and environmental compatibility. • Buses play a strong role in determining real performance in terms of speed, reliability, and cost. • Willingness to ride bus systems translates into additional ridership, revenue and other related benefits.

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