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CP306: Industrial Ecology

CP306: Industrial Ecology. “The goal is cradle to reincarnation , since if one is practising industrial ecology correctly there is no grave .” - Kumar Patel.

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CP306: Industrial Ecology

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  1. CP306: Industrial Ecology “The goal is cradle to reincarnation, since if one is practising industrial ecology correctly there is no grave.” - Kumar Patel 19 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  2. What is it? 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  3. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste material Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  4. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste material Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  5. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste material Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  6. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Automation Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste material Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  7. An example from the present (and future): Strip mining for coal Source: www.wesjones.com/death.htm 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  8. Over 1000 miles of streams have been buried by strip mine waste In Appalachian Mountains that run from Southern New York to Northern Georgia and Alabama through 13 states. Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  9. 300,000 acres of hardwood forest in West Virginia have been destroyed by mountaintop removal practiced in strip mining. 75% of West Virginia's streams and rivers are polluted by mining and other industries. In 2000, 60 million tons out of the almost 170 million tons of coal mined in West Virginia were from strip mines. Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/razingappalachia/mtop.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  10. An example from the present (and future): Mining for phosphate Open-pit phosphate mined in Idaho Citezen trying to protect the Horse Creek in Florida from phosphate mining Source: www.organicfamilymagazine.com/Phosphate.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  11. An example from the present (and future): Forest industry waste These burn piles are 15 to 20 ft high. ‘most "wood" companies only handle one type of wood and burn the rest.’ Source: http://picasaweb.google.com/kool.name/FieldWork/photo#5116468698216932706 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  12. An example from the present (and future): Factory waste More than 500 factories (mostly textiles) line the banks of the 200-mile Citarum river, near the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Source: http://rekkerd.org/citarum-river-a-shocking-display-of-abuse/ 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  13. An example from the past: Factory waste Anglian Water, one of the UK's biggest water companies, has been fined £200,000 for polluting River Crouch with raw sewage after Roy Hart, an Essex fisherman, took out a private prosecution. Court also ordered Anglian Water to pay Roy Hart £9,500 to cover his legal costs. Source: news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/england/1875563.stm 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  14. Ecocides of Manmade origin: • Degradation of ecosystems (forest, fresh water, marine, etc.) • Upsetting the carbon cycle, resulting in global warming and climate change and the consequences • Depletion of the ozone layer • Pesticide, heavy metals and other persistent toxic chemicals like DDT and PCBs poisoning the web of life • Loss of clean air • Genetically modified (GM) food 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  15. Ecocides of Manmade origin: • what more? 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  16. A cartoonist’s view of life on earth with such ecosystem destroying industries Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/p/pollute.asp 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  17. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  18. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) End-of pipe treatment Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  19. Nuclear industry waste Los Alamos National Laboratory has disposed of about 13.5 million ft3 of radioactive and chemical solid wastes in ‘Material Disposal Area G’ since 1943. Source: www.lasg.org/waste/area-g.htm Corroding nuclear waste drums on seabed in UK territorial waters dumped between 1950 and 1963. Source: news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1766365.stm 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  20. Computer industry waste Source: http://www.greenpeace.org/international/photosvideos/photos/close-up-of-a-huge-pile-of-com 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  21. A cartoonist’s view of civilized life on earth Source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/d/dumping_ground.asp 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  22. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Dematerialization and substitution Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  23. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Dematerialization and substitution Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Products Unlimited Environmental degradation Unlimited Unlimited Waste Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  24. Let’s take a look at how Nature produces and what Nature does with its waste. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  25. Example: Forest ecosystem The components of ecosystem are those physical things that contain energy and nutrients. Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  26. Example: Forest ecosystem Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  27. Example: Forest ecosystem Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  28. Example: Forest ecosystem No Waste No environmental degradation Source: http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/ecosystems.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  29. Another example: Fresh water ecosystem No Waste No environmental degradation Source: www.scienceclarified.com/Di-El/Ecosystem.html 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  30. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Dematerialization and substitution Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Products No Environmental degradation Unlimited No Waste Unlimited 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  31. Unlimited Raw material Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Dematerialization and substitution Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Zero effluent solution Products Recycling No Environmental degradation Waste mining No Waste 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  32. Raw material (only to start) Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Dematerialization and substitution Industry (cradle-to-grave design paradigm) Products Recycling No Environmental degradation Waste mining No Waste 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  33. Raw material (only to start) Unlimited Energy Unlimited Unlimited Capital Labour Dematerialization and substitution Industry (cradle-to-reincarnation design paradigm) Industrial Ecology Products Recycling No Environmental degradation Waste mining No Waste 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  34. Idealised Industrial Ecosystem • No materials beyond those required to start the system • Dematerialization (using less material) is practised • Substitution (of a relatively more abundant and safe material for one that is scarce and/or toxic) is practised • No waste is produced • Recycling within the system is practised • Waste mining in practised • Energy efficiently utilized (possibly solar power) Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  35. Industrial Ecology: "One of the most important concepts of industrial ecology is that, like the biological system, it rejects the concept of waste." Source: T. Graedel and B. Allenby, Industrial Ecology, 1995 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  36. Industrial Ecosystem: Let us take a look at a functional industrial ecosystem 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  37. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Agricultural farm Molasses Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  38. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  39. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Bagasse Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  40. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  41. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge Alkalai recovery Alkalai Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  42. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Sugar refinery Filter sludge Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge Alkalai recovery Alkalai Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  43. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China Sugar Alcohol Compound Fertilizer Agricultural farm Alcohol residue Molasses Fertilizer plant Alcohol plant Cement mill Sugar refinery Filter sludge Cement Sugar cane Black liquor White sludge Alkalai recovery Alkalai Pulp plant Bagasse Paper mill Wastewater Pulp Paper Source: Zhu and Cˆot´e 2004, 1028. 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  44. The Guitang Group, beyond sugar refining in China • - The industrial symbiosis took 40 years to develop. • - It has been spontaneously developed first through internal investments, and then through cooperation with partners in the regions. • Developing by-product exchanges is beneficial in many ways (reduced emissions, reduced disposal costs and revenue from by-product utilization). • Improving environmental standards (ISO9001 certification in 1998) • - However, it is counter to traditional business trends such as focusing on their core competence and avoiding development of “distracting” profit centers. Source: Q. Zhu, E.A. Lowe, Y. Wei, and D. Barnes, 2007. Industrial Symbiosis in China: A Case Study of the Guitang Group. J. of Industrial Ecology 11(1): 31-42 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  45. Symbiotic interactions between organisms: Mutualism: both populations benefit and they need each other for survival Protocooperation: both populations benefit but the relationship is not obligatory Commensalism: one population benefits and the other is not affected Amensalism - one is inhibited and the other is not affected Competition – one’s fitness is lowered by the presence of the other Parasitism– one is inhibited and for the other its obligatory 01 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  46. Industrial Ecosystem: For yet another functional industrial ecosystem, go to the presentation on The Industrial Symbiosis at Kalundborg, Denmark by Jørgen Christensen Consultant to the Symbiosis Institute Source: http://continuing-education.epfl.ch/webdav/site/continuing-education/shared/ Industrial%20Ecology/Presentations/11%20Christensen.pdf 08 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  47. Let us summarise what we have studied about industrial ecology

  48. Metabolism in Natural ecosystems decomposers (breakdown dead plants and animals) ultimate consumer omnivores (animals who eat both plants and animals) tertiary consumers carnivores secondary consumers carnivores (animals who eat only other animals) cyclization of materials primary consumers herbivores (animals who survive on plants only) producers (makes its own food by itself)

  49. Source: S. Manahan, Industrial Ecology, 1999 19 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

  50. Raw materials Metabolism in Current Industrial Systems (cradle) Manufacturer Primary producer Consumer cradle-to-grave design paradigm wastes (grave) 19 Feb 2008 R. Shanthini

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