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Bio 9B: Monday, 2.28.11 Title: RNA Structure and Function

Bio 9B: Monday, 2.28.11 Title: RNA Structure and Function. Homework: Read pages 300-302 in the textbook . Take active reading notes to answer the following questions: How is RNA different from DNA? What are the functions of the 3 different types of RNA? What happens during transcription?

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Bio 9B: Monday, 2.28.11 Title: RNA Structure and Function

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  1. Bio 9B: Monday, 2.28.11Title: RNA Structure and Function • Homework: • Read pages 300-302 in the textbook. Take active reading notes to answer the following questions: • How is RNA different from DNA? • What are the functions of the 3 different types of RNA? • What happens during transcription? • Do Now:In your notebook: • If you had a DNA sequence of T A C A G C T, what would the matching RNA sequence be? A U G U C G A • Today’s Objectives: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  2. RNA: Structures & Functions PHA Biology 9 Moretti and Dickson

  3. RNA Structure & Function of Different Types

  4. RNA Structure: Base Pairing • 4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA: • Adenine • Guanine • Uracil • Cytosine • RNA –> DNA Base Pairing: • A ---- U • G ---- C • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  5. RNA Structure: DNAvs. RNA • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  6. Types of RNA: Overview • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  7. Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) • Basic Structure: • Single Strand of RNA • Basic Function • Make a copy of DNA instructions to make a protein • Takes those instructions from DNA to Ribosome to make a protein • Every 3 bases is a Codon Remember: Small enough to leave the nucleus. DNA is too big! • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  8. Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Basic Structure: • Coiled RNA strand • Amino Acid attached to the top • Anti-codon on the bottom • Basic Function: • Transfer amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein • Anti-codon on tRNA matches/ reads codon on mRNA • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  9. Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  10. RNA Structure & Function HW Work Time

  11. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 2.28.11Title: RNA Structure and Function • Homework: • Read pages 302-306 in the textbook. Take active reading notes, paying attention to important vocabulary terms and to the following purpose questions: • How does the genetic code work? • What are the steps of translation? • Do Now:In your notebook: • Next Slide • Today’s Objectives: • Explain the purpose of transcription and translation • Describe the steps of translation • Use the genetic code to translate a gene into a protein

  12. MCAS Prep Question The mold Aspergillusflavusgrows on grain. A. flavusproduces a toxin that binds to DNA in the bodies of animals that eat the grain. The binding of the toxin to DNA blocks transcription, so it directly interferes with the ability of an animal cell to do which of the following? • Produce ATP using energy released from glucose and other nutrient • transport glucose across the cell membrane into the cytoplasm • Transfer proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi complexes • Send protein-building instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and ribosomes

  13. The Genetic Code • The 64 Codons that code for Amino Acids • Objectives for Class: • Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to make a protein.

  14. Reading The Genetic Code • mRNA codons are 3 bases long and specify a particular amino acid. • To use the wheel, the 1st base (letter) of codon matches the biggest letter and you move • out from the middle to read • the rest of the codon. • Therefore, the 2nd base in • the codon is the second • biggest letter (the one in the middle ring) and the 3rd base • In the codon is the smallest letter (the one in the outer ring). • The arrows show the direction you should read it.

  15. The Genetic Code • Complete Part I of the “Decoding the Genetic Code!” Activity. (we will review the first 3 examples of question 1 after you have had a chance to complete them) • Objectives for Class: • Use the genetic code to translate a DNA or RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence to make a protein.

  16. Reading The Genetic Code: Examples • Follow along with the examples in your packet! • Example 1: CAG • 1st base = C • 2nd base = A • 3rd base = G • Therefore the • amino acid is… • Glutamine! • Example 2: GUU • Valine

  17. Reading The Genetic Code: Longer Example • Example 3: GCCAGCUAG • Step 1: Break it into 3-letter sections (codons) • GCC AGC UAG • Step 2: Decode each codon • GCC = Alanine • AGC = Serine • UAG = STOP(end of protein sequence) 1 3 2

  18. Homework Review Question • Overview: • What is the hidden message in Part II of the homework assignment? • “Give Neighbor High 5” • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  19. Transcription Detail • Overview: • A DNA gene is copied in the form of mRNA • Occurs in the nucleus • Steps: • RNA Polymerase separates DNA strands • RNA Polymerase moves along one of the DNA strands (template) • RNA Polymerase makes mRNA by attaching RNA nucleotides that match the DNA template • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation mRNA

  20. Types of RNA: Messenger RNA (mRNA) DNA (the red & green strands) mRNA (the orange strand) • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA • Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

  21. Translation Detail • Overview: • mRNA copy provides instructions for assembling amino acids into a protein • Occurs at the ribosome • Steps: • mRNA enters the ribosome • tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome • tRNAanticodons match with mRNA codons to put amino acids in the right order • According to the Genetic Code • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  22. Transcription & Translation Transcription Translation • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  23. Translation • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  24. Transcription and Translation: Video • Transcription and Translation Video: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg • Objectives for Class: • Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription • Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

  25. Bio 9B: Wednesday, 3.2.11Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations • Homework: • Complete Part II of the Genetic Mutations Activity For Tomorrow • Quiz next TUESDAY! • Do Now: • How was your description of a genetic mutation similar to what a mutation actually is? • Today’s Objective: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  26. Gene Mutations Activity Part I Review • What is a Genetic Mutation? • A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA • The three types of point mutations: • substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide for another) • insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the DNA sequence) • deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the DNA sequence) • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  27. Gene Mutations Activity Part II • Complete Part II of the Gene Mutations Activity by comparing substitution & frame-shift mutations • Part II Review: • Original DNA Sequence • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  28. Gene Mutations Activity Part II • Substitution Mutations • Original DNA Sequence • Substitution Changes the Amino Acid • Substitution/ Silent Mutation Does not Change the Amino Acid • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  29. Gene Mutations Activity Part II • Frame-Shift Mutations • Original DNA Sequence • Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide Changes all Amino Acid after mutation • Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide Changes all Amino Acid after mutation • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  30. Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.3.11Title: Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab Double Block • Homework: • Pass in the codons and amino acid decoding practice homework • Complete Part II of the Computer Lab • Do Now: • Which type of genetic mutation (deletion, substitution, or insertion) seems to have the biggest impact on a gene and why?. • Today’s Objective: • Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

  31. Reviewing Genetic Mutations

  32. Gene Mutations Activity Part II • Substitution Mutations • Original DNA Sequence • Substitution Changes the Amino Acid • Substitution/ Silent Mutation Does not Change the Amino Acid • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  33. Gene Mutations Activity Part II • Frame-Shift Mutations • Original DNA Sequence • Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide Changes all Amino Acid after mutation • Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide Changes all Amino Acid after mutation • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  34. Protein Synthesis Computer Lab

  35. Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab Procedure: • Log onto http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ • Scroll down to the middle of the homepage and click on the link entitled “Are you ready to transcribe a DNA sequence and translate it into a protein?” • A DNA sequence should appear on the screen. Transcribe the DNA strand by entering the corresponding RNA bases for the original strand. The new mRNA strand will now appear on the screen. • Locate the “start” codon and click on it with your mouse. The mRNA sequence will now move to the top of the field and a flashing box will appear around the “start” codon. • Using the “Universal Genetic Code” to the right, find the amino acid that corresponds with the three-base mRNA codon. Click on the appropriate amino acid and drag it to the corresponding mRNA codon (signaled by the flashing box). Repeat until the mRNA sequence has been Translated. • Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part I as you complete the lab. • Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part II after the computer portion of the lab is completed. Transcription Translation • Objectives for Class: • Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.

  36. Remember R-groups?

  37. Complete Part II of the Lab • Be sure Part II is completed on a separate sheet of paper!

  38. Bio 9B: Monday, 3.8.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 2 – Sickle Cell Case Study • Homework: • Study for Quiz Tomorrow!!! • Type the Background Information section of your lab report for Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school) • Do Now: • Which of the different mutations has the biggest effect on the amino acid sequence? What effect does this have on the protein? What would happen to an enzyme that experienced this type of mutation? • Today’s Objective: • Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

  39. Gene Mutations Activity Part II • Frame-Shift Mutations • Original DNA Sequence • Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide Changes all Amino Acid after mutation • Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide Changes all Amino Acid after mutation • Objectives for Class: • Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

  40. Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder • Read through the Introduction to the lab. • Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder • PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html • In small groups brainstorm the Background Information needed for this lab • You should have 2 parts: • General genetics background info • Info related to sickle cell anemia • Come back together as a class to brainstorm final list • Objectives for Class: • Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

  41. Bio 9B: Tuesday, 3.9.10Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations • Homework: • Type the Background Information section of your lab report for Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school) • Do Now: • Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz… • Today’s Objective: • Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes of transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic code on DNA

  42. Bio 9B: Thursday, 3.11.10Title: Genetic Mutations Day 3 – Sickle Cell Case Study • Homework: • Complete the Procedure, Analysis and Conclusion sections of your lab report. Completed lab report with all sections is due tomorrow, Friday, at the start of class!!!! • Do Now: • Whole Class – Brainstorm Background Information Section. • Today’s Objective: • Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia • Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

  43. Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations

  44. First Half of Double Block Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder… http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html • Write the purpose of the lab • Develop your hypothesis based on the purpose • Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene by transcribing and translating them. • Compare the sickle cell gene to the normal gene • Complete the analysis and conclusionsections of the lab report. • Objectives for Class: • Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia

  45. Second Half of Double Block Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations Individual Work Time… • Two Options: • Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab report and revise your other sections • Guided peer review of Background Information section • Objectives for Class: • Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia • Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

  46. Bio 9B: Friday, 3.12.10Title: Sickle Cell Case Study – Lab Report Peer Review • Homework: • Complete the Sickle Cell lab report revision for Monday. • Complete the Bio-Blog homework for Tuesday (Meiosis Vocab): http://phascience.wordpress.com/biology-9-moretti-dickson-powerpoint-notes-etc/ • Do Now: • Divide class into peer editing teams. • Today’s Objective: • Peer review and complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

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