Industrialization and the Industrial Revolution

1. Industrialization and the Industrial Revolution Why you should care

2. What’s so revolutionary about it? • Develops slowly rather than suddenly • New machinery and technologies change the way people work • A challenge to the old ways of doing things, but also has a lot of promise

3. Boiled down “The essence of industrial revolution, however, was fairly simple. Stripped to its bare bones, the industrial revolution consisted of the application of new sources of power to the production process. . . .” Peter N. Stearns, The Industrial Revolution in World History, p. 6

4. Factories a key feature • Move from household labor • Larger labor force • Increased specialization • “More conscious management of workers” • Very different from what had come before • Slow developing in a sense, but still within a working lifetime Manchester from Kersal Moor William Wyld, 1852

5. So What? • Massive increase in production • Massive increase in individual worker output • Economies of scale • Lots of other implications

6. When is it over? Is it ever over? • Stearns: the point at which most people engaged in labor rely upon “some powered equipment” • AND work in a structured work environment • For the US, that is achieved by 1920s • For Britain, mid-19th Century Derelict factory in Detroit, MI, 2009 By Patrickklida

7. How Western Europe came to industrialize • Ironworking grew more advanced– bells to guns • Trading networks and expansion meant a greater need for textiles • New farming methods allow food stocks to support a larger population Death in a jacket: baked potato with butter, 1994. National Institutes of Health

8. How Western Europe came to industrialize • New scientific knowledge spurred new technologies • Shifts in how manufacturing was done at home • Rise in public demand for stuff because there were more people Diagram of early steam engine US Patent Office

9. How this all makes Britain an industrial nation • Cotton • Stronger than wool under machine stress • Cooler than wool • Softer than linen • Holds color easier, more varied • Washes better • Ease of access • American colonies • Later, India and Egypt • Demand • Mechanization makes it affordable Late 18th Century Jacket and Shawl in chintz. Fashion Museum, Antwerp, Belgium

10. Cotton transforms work and life • Large urban population in from farms did not have established work habits– easy to train • Disrupts old system of domestic production/small operations • Factory system develops with machines • spinning jenny, 1764 • combing and carding machines • Machines require new systems of organizing and managing

11. British industry = British power • Unchallenged for roughly 100 years • Allowed UK to survive fight with France during Napoleonic Wars, despite smaller population • New advances in armaments and mobility allowed UK to project its power around the world • Others wanted in on the action Vintage postcard of HMS Victory, Portsmouth, UK, ca. 1900 Library of Congress

12. Variations in industrialization • France • Political instability slows • Lacking in coal reserves relative to UK • Defeat by Germany in 1870, costs them iron • Slower population growth than Britain and Germany • Craft production tradition expanded without moving to mechanization • Silks, furniture, etc. • Saw themselves as having an advantage • Distribution innovation: first department store in Paris, 1830s

13. Variations in industrialization • Germany • Well behind France and Britain • Divided into many smaller states • No technological innovations to speak of in early industrial period • Plenty of coal; some iron • Gains more after defeat of France in 1870 • Unification in 1871 • Afterward speed and emphasis on heavy industry • State control of railroads • State involvement and promotion • Iron/steel (Krupp) • Chemicals (I G Farben) • Electrical products (Siemens)

14. Variations in industrialization • Italy • Not much to say really • North/South divide very critical to understanding problems • Not unified until 1860s, and then the development gulf between the two regions hard to bridge

15. This really sucks. Give me a raise. Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

16. Basic Things to Remember • This process hurt, a lot. • It changed workplaces and what it meant to be employed. • This process affected family life a great deal. • Led to a more materialistic definition of success. • Development of socialism and welfare capitalism. Oxford Road, Manchester, 1910 Pierre AdolpheValette

17. Changes Workplace Family Families no longer working units within the home. Gendered work patterns. Two understandings of the implications emerged: Emergence of family/home as a distinct sphere from work. (Middle Class) Family as an economic unit with kids and wives as supplemental income (Working Class) • Factories changed rhythm of work. • Supervision– for sake of machinery at first, then for productivity. • Attempts to ease with paternalism– Cadbury, Pullman • Pushback: workers v. management

18. Changes Childhood Protest Reform Chartism: demands for greater equality and democracy Rage Luddites: “Ned Ludd”; organized efforts to destroy technology Techniques and tactics used elsewhere– France, for example. • “Invented” in this period • Children no longer seen as a form of labor by end of industrial period • Machinery increasingly replaced work done by children • Compulsory education • Need fewer kids and so. . . • Changed attitudes toward birth control and sex

19. Emergence of socialism • Class differences become more rigid and pronounced in cultures • Marxist theory • How to get more out of system v. how to overturn system? • Unionization/strikes • Political parties Karl Marx hides his iPhone 5, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam

20. Welfare capitalism as an alternative • Blunt excesses of industrial life to ease class resentment • Emergence of government policies • Development of mixed economies • Britain, France, Germany and Italy • Basis of politics in these nations is the continued argument over extent of role of the state Red = 26% or more Gold = 21-26% Light Blue = 17-21% Dark Blue = less than 17% Map– Wikimedia Commons Data: Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe