Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning 200510003 김광진 200610403 신지윤 200610030 권은해 200713239 김진웅 200510343조창현 200810482 진혜원

Again Boramae Park A TABLE OF CONTENTS • 목차1 IMAGERY • 목차2 LITERAL AND FIGURATIVE IMAGES • 목차3 METAPHOR • 목차4 SIMILE • 목차5 PERSONIFICATION • 목차6 EMBLEM • 목차7 SYMBOL

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Definition of Imagery Any series of words used to create a mental image, figure, or likeness of a person, place or thing. Uses of Imagery To suggest the atmosphere of a scene To reveal the attitudes of his speakers To define the nature of the universe in which his dramatis personae function 1. Imagery

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Uses of Imagery 1. Imagery <bloody knife before Macbeth>

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Definition of Literal Images where a straightforward evocation of a specific object is involved Uses of Literal Images I know a bank where the wild thyme blows, Where oxslips and the nodding violet grows, Quite over-canopies with luscious woodbine, With sweet musk-roses, and with eglantine. (p.32) (A Midsummer Night's Dream, II.i.249-252) 2. Literal and Figurative Images

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Definition of Figurative Images where an object, or state is defined in terms of another Uses of Figurative Images To make an imaginative leap in order to comprehend an author's point "He ran like a hare down the street" - Figurative "He ran very quickly down the street" - Literal 2. Literal and Figurative Images

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Definition of Metaphor Identifying, rather than comparing, one object with another, thus transferring the qualities of the second to the first. Uses of Metaphor To realize a new and different meaning To increase stylistic colorfulness and variety 3. Metaphor When we are born, we cry that we are come To this great stage of fools, (p.33) (King Lear, V.iii.189-190) A walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage (Macbeth)

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Definition of Simile Involving a comparison between one object and another, and being usually introduced by 'as' or 'like' 4. Simile

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Uses of Simile 4. Simile Sblood, I am as melancholy as a gib cat, or a lugged bear. (p.32) (Henry IV, I.ii.71-72) "And what's her history?" "A blank, my lord. She never told her love, but... sat, like patience on a monument, smiling at Grief." (Twelfth Night, II.iv.114-116)

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Definition of Personification The representation of an abstract concept or inanimate object in human terms 5. Personification

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Uses of Personification To makes objects and their actions easier to visualize for readers 5. Personification But look, the morn in russet mantle clad walks o'er the dew of yon high eastward hill - (p.32) (Hamlet, I.i.171-172) Sleep...knits up the raveled sleeve of care.... balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course, chief nourisher in life's feast. (Macbeth)

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Definition of Emblem Pictorial image that represents an abstract idea or a concept, or a person such as king or saint. Emblem embodies some abstraction in concrete, visual terms; a tribe, or nation, a virtue or a vice. Definition of Symbol Something such as an object, picture, written word, sound or particular mark that represents something else by association, resemblance or convention, and evokes one object, or concept, while simultaneously suggesting another, unrelated one. 6. Emblem and Symbol

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Differences between Emblem and Symbol 6. Emblem and Symbol Red Cross is a symbol of the International Red Cross; it is the emblem of the humanitarian spirit. The christian cross is a symbol of the Crucifixion; it is an emblem of sacrifice.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Uses of symbol 6. Emblem and Symbol Come, seeling Night, Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful Day, And, with thy bloody and invisible hand, Cancel, and tear to pieces, that great bond Which keeps me pale! - Light thickens; and the crow Makes wing to th'rooky wood; Good things of Day begin to droop and drowse, Whiles Night's black agents to their preys do rouse. <Macbeth, thinking about Banquo's murder > (p.34) (Macbeth III.ii.46-53)

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Cleo, I dreamt there was an Emperor Antony. O such another sleep, that I might see But such another man! Dol[abella]. If it might please ye, - Cleo. His face was as the heavens, and therein stuck A sun and moon, which kept their course, and lighted The little O, the earth. Dol. Most Sovereign creature, - Cleo. His legs bestrid the ocean, his rear'd arm Crested the world: his voice was propertied As all the tuned spheres, and that to friends: But when he meant to quail, and shake the orb, He was as ratting thunder. For his bounty, There was no winter in't: an autumn 'twas That grew the more by reaping: his delights Were dolphin-like, they show'd his back above The element they lived in: in his livery Walk'd crowns and crownets: realms and islands were As platersdropp'd from his pocket. (V. ii. 76-92) • In Antony and Cleopatra, the imagery implies the superhuman qualities of the central figures.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning The barge she sat in, like a burnish'd throne Burn'd on the water: the poop was beaten gold; Purple the sails, and so perfumed that The winds were love-sick with them; the oars were silver, Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke, and made The water which they beat to follow faster, As amorous of their strokes. For her own person, It beggar'd all description: she did lie In her pavilion - cloth of gold, of tissue - O'er-picturing that Venus where we see The fancy outwork nature. On each side her, Stood pretty dimpled boys, like smiling Cupids, With divers-colour'd fans, whose wind did seem To glow the delicate cheeks which they did cool, And what they undid did. Agr[ippa]. O, rare for Antony! Eno. Her gentlewomen, like the Nereides, So many mermaids, tended her i'the eyes, And made their bends adornings. At the helm A seeming mermaid steers: the silken tackle Swell with the touches of those flower-soft hands, That yarely frame the office. From the barge A strange invisible perfume hits the sense Of the adjacent wharfs. The city cast Her people out upon her; and Antony Enthron'di'the market-place, did sit alone, Whistling to the air; which, but for vacancy, Had gone to gaze on Cleopatra too, And made a gap in nature. (II.ii.191-218) • Through literal and figurative images, Enobarbus creates a vision of ultimate sensuousness and eroticism to describe Cleopatra.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Figurative language • not only enlarges the arena of the spectators imagination, but also could be interpreted in a wider context which implicates symbolic meaning. • Also, the human beings who move about the stage become ciphers for something larger than themselves, participating in a conflict that has a wider significance than a clash between mundane individuals. • In short, Figurative language.. • Evokes an atmosphere or location • Defines the idiosyncratic nature of specific individuals • Projects the theme by aligning one character with another, or differentiating between groups.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Drawn from a single area of experience and used throughout a dramatic composition to widen the implications of the events that are enacted Form one of the principal routes by which the meaning of a specific play may be explored Iterative imagery

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning ex In Hamlet, images of disease pervade the dramatic language, suggesting not merely the corruption of one individual but the degeneration of an entire society. -Francisco -Barnardo -Hamlet : Denmark is 'an unweeded garden / That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature / Possess it merely' → Human +natural corruption -Laertes : • The canker galls the infants of the spring • Too oft before their buttons be disclos'd, • And in the morn and liquid dew of youth • Contagious blastments are most imminent. (I.iii.39-42) -King(Old Hamlet) : The poisoning of the king, the head of the body politic, emerges as the fount of the sickness that pervades the play world.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning In terms of plot, Macbeth is merely the story of the murder of a good king by an ambitious subject. Through imagery, it can reflect the cosmic upheaval consequent upon the fracturing of natural bonds, and a horrifying vision of a mental landscape born of the individual's violation of his own moral nature. Imagery of inversion ― 'Fair is foul, and foul is fair' ― seated heart knock at [his] ribs, Against the use of nature, (I.iii.136-7) ― Function is smother'd in surmise, And nothing is, but what is not. (141-2)

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning The study of imagery first emerged as a major critical preoccupation in 1930s. A number of books have appeared on the figurative language of specific plays since 1930s. The student of studying shakespearian drama has to concentrate to the text Because we can appreciate the expanding circle of significance that the imagery of a play generates through close reading.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Student has to attempt to realize the visual effects and to consider the relationship between those effects and images. Because Shakespeare’s poetry is designed to work upon the imagination of the spectator as the drama evolves. And Its effects are discovered in the play. Unfortunately, as opposed to the theatre-goer, the reader is deprived of the visual effects that transform the poetic expression into the dramatic realization of it. So it is hard to perceive for the reader to perceive close relationship between stage spectacle and figurative language.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning ‘Richard Ⅱ’ affords a straightforward example of figurative language and stage spectacle complementing one another. Henry Bolingbroke, having been banished by King Richard, returns to England in arms and insists his lands distrained by the King. In act Ⅲ a company of rebels, including Bolingbroke and Northumberland, approach Flint castle where Richard has taken refuge. The imagery and stage spectacle in ‘Richard Ⅱ’

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning • Henry Bolingbroke’s message to king Richard • On both his knees doth kiss King Richard’s hand, • And sends allegiance and true faith of heart • Provided that my banishment repeal’d • And lands retor’d again be freely granted; • Ifnot, I’ll use the advantage of my power • And lay the summer’s dust with showers of blood • The fact that a follower commands to his king means reduced King’s majesty. • The imagery that Bolingbroke employs denotes his deferential relationship to his sovereign, and also emphasizes the discrepancy • (=disagreement) between their social status.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning • Henry Bolingbroke : • Let’s march without the noise of threat’ning drum, • That from this castle’s tottered battlements • Our fair appiontments may be well perus’d • Tottered battlements is a literal description of the castle. (=> imagery) • The word ‘tottered’ implies that the castle is ‘tattered’(=ruined), and ‘tottering’ as if about to fall. • And the description of the castle has reference to its occupant, Richard. • The imagery suggests the insecurity, not only of the castle which is Richard’s physical shelter, but also of Richard’s social position.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning • Henry Bolingbroke : • See, see, King Richard doth himself appear, • As doth the blushing discontented sun • At this point, the King appears on the upper stage, and his physical elevation is an emblematic representation of his superior social status. • The aspect of the King’s role that brings glory to his people like the sun • is realized in visual terms on the stage by Richard’s appearance, richly clad, and upon the upper stage.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning • Yet looks he like a king, Behold, his eye, • As bright as is the eagle’s, lightens forth • Controlling majesty. • The eagle is the king of birds, and Richard is a king among men. • The eagle soars high above the earth, scanning the world below him with an acute gaze, as Richard, in his majesty, over-sees his subjects. • King’s appearance on the upper stage fuses these concepts. • On the upper stage, Richard looks down, literally, upon his subjects clear-sightedly.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning • Richard [To northumberland] : • We are amaz’d, and thus long have we stood • To watch the fearful bending of thy knee, • Because we thought ourself thy lawful king; • And if we be, how dare thy joints forget • To pay their awful duty to our presence? • By failing to kneel to the monarch, Northumberland not only withholds a gesture of respect, but also enforce his own growth in relation to the King. • Richard Unable to imposes his authority, and his surrender can be seen next speech.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning • Richard : • Most mighty prince, my Lord Northumberland, • What says King Bolingbroke? Will his Majesty • Give Richard leave to live till Richard die? • The ironic speeches in which Richard now salutes Bolingbroke’s messenger indicate the reversal of roles and that is unchangeable.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Examples from ‘Richard Ⅱ’ Rich. Down, down I come, like glist'ringPhaeton, Wanting the manage of unruly jades. In the base court? Base court, where kings grow base To come at traitors' calls, and do them grace! In the base court? Come down? Down, court! down, king! For night-owls shriek where mounting larks should sing.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Richard's action : The movement denotes his submission to superior force, but it also enacts a descent from kingship to 'baseness', from supremacy over others to the common human condition. ⇒ the significance of the stage spectacle is enriched by the figurative language that accompanies it. Playing upon the sun image used in relation to the sovereign : The image transforms Richard from the true, sun-like monarch, to an aspirant to that role, with his descent from the upper stage enacting his waning authority and foreshadowing his destruction.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Rich.Up, cousin, up; your heart is up, I know, Thus high at least, although your knee be low. The visual and verbal imagery of ascent and descent is continued. This points towards the ultimate nature of the predominance that Bolingbroke is to gain. Bolingbroke is in the ascendancy and Richard is doomed to decline.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning 3)Now is this golden crown like a deep well That owes two buckets, filling one another, The emptier ever dancing in the air, The other down, unseen, and full of water, That bucket down and full of tears am I, Drinking my griefs, whilst you mount up on high. The aspirants to the crown of England, as the deposed king comments in the above act, are like two buckets in a well. Showing the elevation of one and the decline of the other. It is alternation of fortunes that the stage spectacle and the figurative language combine.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Examples from 'Othello' 1)an old black ram Is tupping your white ewe; The figurative language turns upon a contrast which is realized in terms of stage spectacle. It is built upon colour. From the very outset of the play images evocative of darkness and light are in opposition to one another. 2) I ha't, it is engender'd; Hell and night Must bring this monstrous birth to the world's light. From this point onwards the literal darkness in which the action is set becomes evident.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning 3) Rod. Here is her father's house, I'll call aloud. Iago. Do, with like timorous accent, and dire yell, As when, by night and negligence, the fire Is spied I populous cities. …(skipped) Awake! what ho, Brabantio! Thieves, thieves, thieves! …(skipped) BRANBANTIO at a window. …(skipped) Zounds, sir, you are robb'd, for shame put on your gown, …(skipped) Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, A host of devices are used here to communicate the night-time setting to the audience. The darkness of the play world has been implied by the nature of the characters' exchanges, by the imagery, and the disposition of the actors on the upper and lower stage.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning 4)Bra. Give me a taper, call up all my people: This accident is not unlike my dream, Belief of it oppresses me already: Light I say, light! stirred into action by the cries of the men below him, begins to call for light ⇒ confirming the blackness. 5)Enter BRANBANTIOin his night-gown, and Servants with Torches. The night-time setting is reaffirmed by his costume, and the torches carried by his attendants.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Examples from 'Othello' The combined significance spectacle and imagery in these scenes would have been much more evident to the Elizabethan play-goer than to the twentieth-century reader.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning • The visual impact of these opening scenes is crucial to the meaning of the play as a whole. • From the opening lines of the play in which two gentlemen converse about a third, the verbal and visual imagery combine to carry the spectator forward into a species of hell.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning stereotype response evoked by stage picture

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning stereotype response evoked by stage picture • black- evil • devil- grotesque black man • surrounded by leaping flames • - carry off souls reverse ∴ Othello → diabolical force the instigator of evil • white - virtue ∴ Iago → ‘honest’ man

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning The spectator is thus obliged to move from the stereotype response evoked by the stage picture, through confusion, to the recognition that it is not the black Othello who is the instigator of evil, but the 'honest' Iago who is the white man, and it is from this recognition that much of the intellectual excitement of the play springs.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning Examples from ' King Lear ' Actualize the concepts upon which the imagery of the play turns. "This coronet part between you."

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning "This coronet part between you." kingdom conceivable inconceivable

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning worthless fragmentation of an indivisible entity possibility of future competition between the two sons-in-law for meaningful sovereignty.

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning “Nuncle, give me an egg, and I’ll give thee two crowns. ··· When thou clovest thy crown i’th’ middle, and gav’st away both part, thou bor’stthine ass on thy back o’er the dirt…” • The fool uses an egg that has been cut in half as an image of Lear’s conduct in relation to the crown. • Cloven his crown in two Violent and disturbing image

Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning • The crown is the crown of Lear’s own head, and the cleaving of it is the rending of his own being as individual, father, and king.

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Discovering Shakespeare’s meaning