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a history of abnormality

Modern Definition of Abnormality. Abnormality = psychological dysfunction that is either culturally atypical or involves significant health risks to self or others Mental illness is a medical term that is closely related, but it is not a synonym Insane is a legal term that is related, but is not a synonym.

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a history of abnormality

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    1. A History of Abnormality By Darrell Butler

    3. Ancients View of Abnormality Very Old view – People are unusual because they are affected by supernatural forces (gods & demons) Hippocrates (425 B. C) – Sickness Terrible circumstances can lead to abnormality

    4. Ancient Treatments Treatments for possession: Cutting holes in skull Provide guardians Treatments for sickness: Rest, sexual abstinence, moderation in food and drink Bad circumstances faith

    5. Middle Ages (500-1500) Possession by the Devil became a theme (in Europe) How could one know? Treatment: Incantations, prayer, holy water Exorcism…Inquisition

    6. Leprosy There were many hospitals for lepers … At the end of the 14th century, Leprosy was disappearing and the Leper hospitals emptied. … what should be done with them? Most began offering services for the elderly.

    7. Renaissance (1500-1800’s) Continuation of possession idea: Flagellance The King’s touch (500) – King Clovis (France) gains this ability from Bishop Remy Salem witch trials (1693)

    8. Sickness Concept Strengthens 1566 Bernardino Alvarez establishes in Mexico the Hospital de San Hipolito,the first in the Americas dedicated to serving patients with psychological problems

    9. Benedick Spinoza (1632-1677) God is no longer the transcendent creator of the universe who rules it via providence, but Nature itself, …

    10. Pinel 1793 Philippe Pinel reforms mental treatment at the Bicêtre asylum – humane, but firm. Patients removed from chains

    11. Benjamin Rush Benjamin Rush (1745-1813), founder of American Psychiatry -

    12. Franz Mesmer 1774 Franz Mesmer performed his first supposed cure using “animal magnetism.” The idea was to correct the magnetic flow through the body.

    13. Samuel Tuke 1820 Samuel Tuke (a layman) creates a Quaker asylum in England for what historians refer to as moral therapy…

    14. Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) Brings Tuke’s ideas to America.

    15. Social Work Emerges 1869 Octavia Hill starts London Social Housing Project

    16. Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) Hypnosis and hysteria

    17. Pierre Janet In this autobiography (1889) Pierre Janet provides for history a summary of his arguments that mental disorders are caused by weakening of psychic energy…

    18. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) 1887 Sigmund Freud develops free association and related “talking” cures Beginnings of psycho-analytic “approach” Personality theory

    19. Jane Addams 1889 Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago modeling the approach of Octavia Hill in England.

    20. Clinical Psychology Emerges Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) establishes first clinic in 1896… becomes father of both clinical psychology and educational psychology.

    21. Formalizing Social Work 1898 Columbia University School of Social Work is opened. 1911 Indiana University opens first public school of social work …

    22. Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Individual Psychology Superiority / Inferiority Birth Order

    23. Clifford Beers Clifford Beers (1876-1943) wrote A Mind that Found Itself in 1908.

    24. Frank Parsons (1854-1908) In 1909 Frank Parsons’ Choosing a vocation, the first book on methods of vocational guidance is published. It is considered the beginning of modern counseling.

    25. Carl Jung (1875-1961) Jung, Carl G. (1910). The association method. American Journal of Psychology, 31, 219-269.

    26. Rorschach Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach (1884-1922) in 1921 described his famous ink-blot projective test

    27. Family Social Work begins In 1918, the leading association for charity organizations, The American Association for Organizing Charity, changes its name to the American Association for Organizing Family Social Work.

    28. ECT 1934 development of Electrico Convulsive Therapy (ECT)

    29. Anna Freud Anna Freud (1895-1982) published The ego and the mechanisms of defense in 1936. Began child psychoanalysis

    30. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) Identity Adult stages of development

    31. Lobotomy Antônio Egas Moniz (1936) begins lobotomy Adventures with an ice pick (Walter Freeman)

    32. Karen Horney Karen Horney (1885-1952) published The Neurotic Personality of Our Time in 1937. Many believe it is still the best theory of neuroses available.

    33. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Rogers, Carl R.. (1946). Significant aspects of client-centered therapy. American Psychologist, 1, 415-422. Beginnings of humanistic “approach”

    34. Harry Sullivan Harry Stack Sullivan's (1892-1949) theories of development and psychotherapy were published in 1947 as Conceptions of modern psychiatry

    35. Mental Hospitals In 1949 Albert Deutsch conducted a survey of state mental hospitals which, he said, revealed "concentration camp conditions" in many such institutions.

    36. Joseph Wolpe In the 1950s South African psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe pioneered a prototype for systematic desensitization as it is generally practiced today. Beginning of the behaviorist “approach” to therapy

    37. Fritz Perls Frederick (Fritz) Perls (1893-1970) published a book called Gestalt therapy in 1951.

    38. Chemical Treatments

    39. John Bowlby (1907-1990) Attachment Theory

    40. Julian Rotter (1916 - ) Social Learning Locus of Control

    41. Albert Ellis (1913-2007) In 1955 Dr. Albert Ellis developed REBT

    42. Michael Rutter (1933- ) father of modern child psychiatry

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