LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND URBAN GOVERNANCE (EMA 754)

1. LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND URBAN GOVERNANCE (EMA 754) PREPARED FOR: DR. HARDEV KAUR BY: NORISFARIZAN ISMAIL 2008261084

2. Question 11 Explainhow the Information Communication Technology (ICT)can help Local Councils to effectively manage theirresources in a rapidlychangingenvironment.

3. Definition of Terms

4. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) An umbrella term that covers all technical means for processing and communicating information Common usage of ICT: • to record information - magnetic disk/tape, optical disks (CD/DVD), flash memory; • for broadcasting information - radio, television; • communicating through voice, sound or images - microphone, camera, loudspeaker, telephone to cellular phones; • computing hardware – PCs, servers, mainframes, networked storage. (en. wikipedia.org) “The study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.” (Information Technology Association of America (ITAA)) (en. wikipedia.org) InformationTechnologies (IT)

5. E-Governance A network of organizations to include government, nonprofit, and private-sector entities; in e-governance there are no distinct boundaries. (en. wikipedia.org) E-Governance can embrace e-administration (improving government processes), e-citizens and e-services (connecting services), and e-society (building interactions with and within civil society). (Richard Heeks, eGovernment for Development : Achieving Success/Avoiding Failure in eGovernment projects) E-Commerce Refers the processes and structures that define the relationship between governments and private sector. It includes the e-business relationship model which ensures these services consumed by entrepreneurs, businesses, and corporations, for a commercial purpose (Dobrica, 2006). E-Democracy Processes and structures that encompass all forms of electronic communication between Government and the Citizen. (In other words between Electorate and the Elected). It focuses on political aspect of government activities. ()

6. E-Government Also known as e-gov, digital government, online government or transformational government. Refer to the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to provide and improve government services, transactions and interactions with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. (en. wikipedia.org) Applying information and communication technology (ICT) to all government’s business where it makes sense to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the achievement of policy and program outcomes. (Deepak Bhatia) 4 Primary delivery models of e-Government: 1. Government-to-Citizen or Government-to-Customer (G2C) 2. Government-to-Business (G2B) 3. Government-to-Government (G2G) 4. Government-to-Employees (G2E) (en. wikipedia.org)

7. 7 Pilot Project of E-GovernmentFlagship Application (MSC) 1. Project Monitoring System (SPP II) 2. Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS) 3. Generic Office Environment (GOE) 4. Electronic Procurement (EP) 5. Electronic Services (E-Services) 6. Electronic Labour Exchange (ELX) 7. E-Syariah Source: http://www1.american.edu/initeb/ym6974a/egovernment.htm

8. ICT & Good Urban Governance

9. LiteratureReview For the impact of globalization, more and more governments at different level around the world are increasingly using Information and Communication Technology, especially Internet and web-based applications, to provide services between government agencies and citizens, businesses, employees and not-for profit sector to improve efficiency, reduce wastage of resources, enhance planning and raise the quality of services (Zhenyu, 2007 and Dobrica, 2006) E-Governance is more than just a government website on the Internet which tangible objectives: (Michiel, 2001): 1. To provide citizen access to information and knowledge about the political process, and about the services. 2. To enable the citizen transition from passive information access to active citizen participation by: • Informing the citizen • Representing the citizen • Encouraging the citizen to vote • Consulting the citizen • Involving the citizen

10. LiteratureReview (cont.) A criticalevaluation of ICT applications should be given priority before adopting such a system. Success or failure in the adoption depends on a variety of human, organisational and technical factors. • (Yaakup, Johar and Dahlan, 1997) • The potential for urban growth has to be planned in the best possible way in tandem with advances in technology and the challenge of globalisation so as to maximise its contribution to the national economic growth. • (HamzahYusof, 2006) • Information systems are central to the process of reinventing government in the information age, and • Information systems mean Information, Communication and Technology (ICT) plus information plus people plus process plus management and assert that for an information system to be successful in supporting public sector change, it must succeed in all of these key areas. • (Heeks and Bhatnagar, 1999)

11. An eGovernance Model • Infrastructure • Shared Services • Integrated Office • Operation • Customer Relation • Management • Data Security, • Validation • & Verification • Access to • Information • Online Forms & • permits • Reliability • Participatory • Process • Citizen Friendly • Portal • 24/7 Accessibility • Ease to use • Confidentiality CitizenCitizen Government Source: UN-Government Survey, 2008

12. ICTin Government ICT Roles E-Government E-Administration E-Governance • Inter-agency collaboration • Policy coordination • Policy implementation • Services delivery • Performance-focused • Citizen Interactions • Transparent Processes • Result Oriented • Zero Corruption • Intra-agency working • Policy formulation • Internal activites • Knowledge Management • Project Management

13. Benefits of using ICT for Local Councils • Improved value for money – enables quality services to be delivered at minimum cost. • e.g. reduce waiting time at counter (ICT enables quick processing) • Improved productivity – to the ‘organisation’ as a whole which will reflects to the ‘customers’ • e.g. Report shows increase in number of processed License Application and less complaints received. • Improved accessibility – ability to interact with ‘customers’ by multiple service delivery channel • e.g. e-Payment instead of walk-in to counter • Time saving and increase efficiency • e.g. Identifying potential land for development (GIS for KL) • Gain competitive advantage – over private sector • e.g. Winning service delivery awards which usually conquers by Private Sector • Increase recognisation of ‘customers’ towards public service delivery • e.g. public perceptions changed

14. Means of Utilizing ICT in Local Councils –CHKL case

15. CHKL’s ICT Systems – Existing and Future Programs • Financial Management System (FMS) – Modules (e.g. Tenancy & Sales Management) • Intelligent Transport System (ITS) – integrated system to monitor traffic situation in KL • Kuala Lumpur Geographical Information System (KLGIS) – involved GIS data on lot bases planning • Open Registration System – to process applications for rental housing and purchasing of houses • Offences Compound System – handling of compound issue and related receipt payment • Legal Database (PADU) – system integration in respect of legal aspect • Kuala Lumpur Digital Library • System to monitor application of license premises – Applicants get the application status. • CHKL Web Page – www.dbkl.gov.my • Computerized Public Complaint Center – complaint management • Application of electronic government – for Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS) & Project Management System (PMS) • Inter-agency systems – for National Land Information System (NaLIS), Poverty Eradication System (SINAR) & Malaysian Road Information System (MARRIS) • Development Control System (SKP) – Controlling and monitoring city development. Source: Prof. Dr AhrisYaakob, The Application of Information Communication Technology (ICT) Towards Good Urban Governance – A case of City Hall Kuala Lumpur

17. ICT Capabilities • Improves the storage, manipulation and display of spatially referenced data – e.g. land use, linear services and population and etc. • Automated data handling – e.g. billing and collection, valuation and payroll administration. • Improved the availability and flow of information in organisation. • Predictive and prescriptive models of urban interaction facilitated by ICT technology – e.g. to forecast the impact of changing land use • Increased access to information – e.g. through use of computers and ‘world wide web’ ICTChallenges • Is about investment – the ‘ROI’ is both high – it will brings benefits or a disaster to organisation • Risky, especially with technological problems. • Need to tackle the uncertainty environment by proper change management programs • Reliability issues – Conventional methods still need to be in place • Limitation on accessibility – dissemination of information • ICT related education and skills – continuous training is required • Participation from top level until the lowest level of the organisation

18. All-in Views

19. Local Government – ‘grass root’ government or the ‘government closest to the people’. Thus, it deals with local challenges such as: • - Poverty • - Crime • - Migration • - Rise in prices of Goods and Services & etc. • ICT provides opportunities and facilities for Local Councils to instill good governance throughout the organisation. According to UNDP (Governance for Sustainable Human Development) identifies 9 core characteristics of good governance: • Participation, Rule of Law, Transparency (Information is accessible by stakeholders), Responsiveness (through their websites, 24/7), Consensus Orientation (Online Voting), Equity, Effectiveness and Effeciency (number of satisfied customers served), Accountability and Strategic Vision. • ICT requires skills and knowledge. It also leads to transformations even destructions if poorly executed and by those who do not have the expertise. • ICT provides opportunity as it is evolving. Ability to keep up with the technological changes especially in this globalisation era will give Local Councils better choice of serving its ‘customer’.

20. Stages of E-Governance • Stage I – Web Presence - Web is available and information is disseminated in proactive manner. • Stage II – Interactive Presence - the web response to interaction made by Web users. - For instance, downloading forms. • Stage III – Transactional Presence - Interaction with the Web involves with completed transaction. - E.g. application of license and payment of fees. • Stage IV – Networked Presence and E-Participation - Government to Citizens (G2C) framework. - Web comment forms, upcoming events, on line polling mechanism discussion forums & online consultation facilities are among e-activities included in this stage. Source: http://india.gov.in/govt/studies/annex/6.3.1.pdf

21. Conclusion

22. Governmentisenabled by ICT – every public service depends on it (definitelyincluding local councils). @@@ ICT indeed, helps local councils to achieved good urbangovernance by conductingthoroughevaluation on desired ICT applications and able to utilizeitsresources. @@@ To any organisation, regardless in public or privatesector, dealingwith ICT means; money and an investment. Thus, participation from all leveliskey to determine the successsfulness of the implementation.

23. ‘A technological revolution is transforming society in a profound way. If harnessed and directed properly, Information Communications Technology (ICT) have the potential to improve all aspects of our social, economic and cultural life. ICTs can serve as an engine for development in the 21st century.’ Kofi Anan, Secretary General of United Nations, 1999

24. References: https://www.mida.gov.my/en_v2/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=73&cntnt01returnid=131 http://www.eivc.org/uni/Uploads/Admin/Mr.%20Mohd%20Suhaimi%20Mohd%20Tahir.pdf MohamadSuhaimibin Mohamad Tahir, MSC Technology Centre: Reaping E-Governmentopportunities in Meeting Global Trends – e-Governance: Beyond E-Government HamzahJusuh, and Azmizam Abdul Rashid, Efficiency in Urban Governance towards Sustainability and Competitiveness of City: A Case Study of Kuala Lumpur: World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 40 2008 PublicSector ICT Management Review: Implementation of ElectronicGovernment in Malaysia: The Status and Potential for Better Service to the Public. PhangSiewNooi, Transforming Local Govenment in Malaysia: Implications for Centalisation and Democratisation: Journal of MalaysianChineseStudies, Volume 11, 2008: 97-110 KalsomSalleh and Syed Noh Syed Ahmad: KM in the Local Authorities – A suitableplatform for E-Government?