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ICT PENETRATION AND USAGE IN ETHIOPIA: BASELINE STUDY

Content. ObjectivesDataInfrastructure ICT penetration and usageICT industrySumming up. I. Project Objectives. General Collect and analyze the information thecountry needs to participate in a globalinformation economy. . Project Objectives (cont'd). SpecificTrack the status of ICT-infrastructure related to telephony, Internet, computers, television and radio. Examine the extent of human resource development and institutional capacity in the area of ICTs. Assess ICT penetration and 273

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ICT PENETRATION AND USAGE IN ETHIOPIA: BASELINE STUDY

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    1. ICT PENETRATION AND USAGE IN ETHIOPIA: BASELINE STUDY MULAT DEMEKE TADESSE BIRU Addis Ababa University Department of Economics

    2. Content Objectives Data Infrastructure ICT penetration and usage ICT industry Summing up

    3. I. Project Objectives General Collect and analyze the information the country needs to participate in a global information economy.

    4. Project Objectives (contd) Specific Track the status of ICT-infrastructure related to telephony, Internet, computers, television and radio. Examine the extent of human resource development and institutional capacity in the area of ICTs. Assess ICT penetration and usage in three different sectors: education, health and public administration. Review the status of the ICT industry.

    5. II. Data Generating Methods Two major approaches: Secondary data (related to ICT infrastructure, etc) Survey of institutions/firms and individuals using structured and pre-tested questionnaires.

    6. Survey Areas Purposive selection of five survey sites: The federal capital: Addis Ababa, and Four major regional towns (capitals): Awasa Bahir Dar Mekele Nazareth

    7. Summary of sample size (Addis Ababa) Education Sector (Total)

    8. Summary of sample size (Addis Ababa) Health Sector (Total)

    9. Summary of sample size (Addis Ababa) Public Administration (Total)

    10. Sample Size by Category: Addis Ababa ICT Industry (total) *Purposive selection, as ETC is a monopoly in the ICT sector ** Random samples of private ICT firms and computer training centers *Purposive selection, as ETC is a monopoly in the ICT sector ** Random samples of private ICT firms and computer training centers

    11. Summary of sample size (Addis Ababa) Regulatory and Licensing Institutions (total) *ETA, Trade & Industry Bureau, Investment Authority, Quality & Standards Auth, **Ministry of Education/Regional Educ. Bureaus, other local govt offices,*ETA, Trade & Industry Bureau, Investment Authority, Quality & Standards Auth, **Ministry of Education/Regional Educ. Bureaus, other local govt offices,

    12. Summary of sample size (Regional Towns) Education Sector (Total) One educational institution was randomly selected from each type (prim., sec. & tertiary) and category (govt, private & mission). And 2 depts from each higher institution were selected. 2. From each type and category 5 teachers, 5 students & 2 IT personnel were selected. One educational institution was randomly selected from each type (prim., sec. & tertiary) and category (govt, private & mission). And 2 depts from each higher institution were selected. 2. From each type and category 5 teachers, 5 students & 2 IT personnel were selected.

    13. Summary of sample size (Regional Towns) Health Sector (Total) One hospital, 2 HCs, 1 clinic from each type (L, M & H) and 1 pharmacy were randomly selected. 2. Two doctors from each hosp. & HC and one lab. tech from each hosp. were selected. 3. One individual from each type of clinic and pharmacy were randomly selected.One hospital, 2 HCs, 1 clinic from each type (L, M & H) and 1 pharmacy were randomly selected. 2. Two doctors from each hosp. & HC and one lab. tech from each hosp. were selected. 3. One individual from each type of clinic and pharmacy were randomly selected.

    14. Summary of sample size (Regional Towns) Public Administration (Total) Six regional bureaus were selected from each sample area: Commun. & Transport, Finance & Economic Devt, Youth Sport & Culture, Justice, Agriculture, and Investment Office 2. Two non-IT employees & one IT professional from each bureau were randomly selected.Six regional bureaus were selected from each sample area: Commun. & Transport, Finance & Economic Devt, Youth Sport & Culture, Justice, Agriculture, and Investment Office 2. Two non-IT employees & one IT professional from each bureau were randomly selected.

    15. Summary of Sample Size (Regional Towns) ICT Industry Five random samples of private ICT firms and computer training centers were taken from each sample town. Five random samples of private ICT firms and computer training centers were taken from each sample town.

    16. Summary of sample size (Regional Towns) Regulatory and Licensing Institutions Only two relevant licensing bureaus were identified and contacted in each regional town: Education + Trade, Industry & Tourism Reason: Organization and compositions of bureaus vary in the regions. Only two relevant licensing bureaus were identified and contacted in each regional town: Education + Trade, Industry & Tourism Reason: Organization and compositions of bureaus vary in the regions.

    17. III. Infrastructure ETC only provider of fixed mobile telephone, facsimile, Internet, and telex services. Est. population of Eth (2000/01) 65.4 millionEst. population of Eth (2000/01) 65.4 million

    18. Infrastructure - Telephone Telephone subscribers up by 167.7% from 1987/88 to 2000/01 (nearly by 12% per annum) But distribution unbalanced

    19. Telephone (contd) Telephone distribution (as of 2001) As of 2001, the total main telephone lines in Ethiopia is 283,683 More than half of the countrys main telephone lines is in Addis Ababa Afar, Beninshangul and Gambella have the lowest percentage share Harari 2% (legend doesnt show it) As of 2001, the total main telephone lines in Ethiopia is 283,683 More than half of the countrys main telephone lines is in Addis Ababa Afar, Beninshangul and Gambella have the lowest percentage share Harari 2% (legend doesnt show it)

    20. Telephone (contd) Distribution of pay stations in different regions (as of 2001) Elsewhere: Multi-purpose telecenters may include phone services, Internet access, media services, computer training and business services, among others. Ethiopia: Telecenters serve as pay stations that provide only telephone services. Total # of pay stations in Ethiopia is 687 92,400 inhabitants are served per pay stationElsewhere: Multi-purpose telecenters may include phone services, Internet access, media services, computer training and business services, among others. Ethiopia: Telecenters serve as pay stations that provide only telephone services. Total # of pay stations in Ethiopia is 687 92,400 inhabitants are served per pay station

    21. Telephone (contd) Teledensity varies significantly Addis Ababa 15.4 people/telephone line Somali 1935 Country 224 or 4.5 telephones per 1000 inhabitants Est. population of Eth (2000/01) 65.4 millionEst. population of Eth (2000/01) 65.4 million

    22. Telephone (contd) Teledensity statistics (by region) Source: Compiled from ETC 2001 Report *These are city-states without regional government status **Teledensity computed based on 1999/00 estimated population of 63.5 million Source: Compiled from ETC 2001 Report *These are city-states without regional government status **Teledensity computed based on 1999/00 estimated population of 63.5 million

    23. Telephone (contd) Teledensity statistics (by regional town) Gambella and Harari are both the names of the regions and the capital towns. Gambella and Harari are both the names of the regions and the capital towns.

    24. Telephone (contd) Classification of telephone subscribers lines (as of 2001)

    25. Internet Introduced in 1996/97 with 1042 subscribers Increased to 6487 in 2002 (by 5 fold) Coverage of Internet services expanded to 12 major towns 96% of the total subscribers are from Addis Ababa subscribers per 1000 people 2.5 Addis Ababa 0.24 other towns or 0.1 country as whole

    26. Internet (contd) Internet subscribers per 1000 population (as of Mar 2002) For the majority of the regional towns there are only 0.2 Internet subscribers per each 1000 population For the country as a whole the figure is 0.1For the majority of the regional towns there are only 0.2 Internet subscribers per each 1000 population For the country as a whole the figure is 0.1

    27. Local Web-sites Increased from 68 in 2000/01 to 88 in 2001/02 (by29.4%) and it is projected to rise to 100 in 2002/03 (by 14%)

    28. Mobile Telephone Started in 1998/99 with 6740 subscribers Increased to 27,532 subscribers in 2000/01 Coverage: Addis Ababa and two nearby towns (Debre Zeit & Nazareth) Distribution: Private sector: 91% (71% individuals & 20% businesses) Government 4% International Org. 5%

    29. Computers, TV and Radio Stock of computers, TV and Radio Source: ITU Report 2002 (for2001 computer & TV figures) Tassew W/H and Tekie Alemu, Poverty Profile in Eth, MoFED Jan. 2002 (for 1999/00 Radio figure) About 18%, 2.8% and 0.1% of the total population own radio, TV and Computers, respectivelySource: ITU Report 2002 (for2001 computer & TV figures) Tassew W/H and Tekie Alemu, Poverty Profile in Eth, MoFED Jan. 2002 (for 1999/00 Radio figure) About 18%, 2.8% and 0.1% of the total population own radio, TV and Computers, respectively

    30. IV. ICT penetration and usage Access to basic ICTs % of institutions reporting Figures in bracket: total # of sample institutions contactedFigures in bracket: total # of sample institutions contacted

    31. ICT penetration and usage Uses of computers (reporting institutions, %) Figures in parentheses: reporting casesFigures in parentheses: reporting cases

    32. ICT penetration and usage Personal ownership of some ICT items at home (reporting cases, %)

    33. ICT penetration and usage Computer & Internet Usage & Places of Access: % reporting

    40. V. ICT Industry 62 firms engaged in ICT related businesses were contacted. Employed 693 workers (80% IT professionals) Areas of operation: Firms engaged in Short-term training 79% Consultancy services 55% Computer networking 60% ICT HW maintenance & support 66% ICT HW & SW sales 65% HW assembly and SW devt 42%

    41. ICT Industry (contd) Those engaged in ICT short term training Trained 16,715 persons so far 51% females 85% of all trainees from Addis Highly demanded areas of training (96%) are: Introduction to computers Computer maintenance & trouble shooting networking

    42. ICT Industry - laws, regulations & procedures Major problems identified: Problems related to tax Copyright and customs regulations High collateral requirements Negative attitude of tax inspectors Absence of laws relating to hackers & virus Extensive contraband goods in the market

    43. ICT Industry- Regulatory Framework Government monopoly in telecommunication ?adversely affecting ICT infrastructure No standards relating to ICT services ?recently ETA has been mandated Eth has no national ICT strategy or policies so far ?adversely affected efficiency & devt of the industry

    44. VI. Summing up very low teledensity. only 4.5 telephone lines per 1000 inhabitants. Main lines satisfy only 65% of the expressed demand Proportion of waiting list (relative to the main line connections) was 55% in 2000/01.

    45. Summing up Teledensity varies significantly by region: Number of people per main telephone line ranged from 15.4 in Addis Ababa to 1,935 in Somali. Addis Ababa accounts for 55% of the installed capacity.

    46. Summing up ICT penetration and usage in schools/ colleges and health facilities varies by type of ownership (government vs. non-government). Government owned institutions lag behind Regional towns at a disadvantage relative to Addis Ababa. Access to basic ICTs lower among employees residing in regional towns

    47. Summing up Introduction of hardware and software relatively easy. Effective use is difficult and requires transformation in internal organization, technical capabilities and resource management.

    48. Summing up Computers used mainly as office tools Many administrators unaware of the wider application accounting, finance, human resource management, database management, procurement of goods and services, etc.

    49. Summing up Poor quality of education a major problem in Eth. Very large class sizes Poor teaching facilities ICTs a major role in higher quality and wider coverage of education. High-speed communication networks to obtain better quality reference materials.

    50. Summing up Possible to increase supply of well-trained teachers Teachers and students with access to Internet perform better than those without access. On-line learning allows full flexibility regarding the time and place of study.

    51. Summing up Health sector constrained by budgetary limitations and shortage of personnel ICT applications to support efficient exchange of information between health professionals, thus saving time and money.

    52. Summing up Public services automated with the objective of improving a variety of services and ensuring transparency. Need to widen the use of ICT (e.g. Website) Reduce the cost of public administration and solicit feedback from citizens and the business community.

    53. Summing up Consensus regarding major constraints High cost of computer most important problem followed by poor telecommunication infrastructure, lack of accessories (necessary equipment) and high Internet service charge

    54. Summing up Need to encourage establishment of a computer assembly and/or reduce tax/duty rates Liberalize telecommunication industry necessary To provide competitive service at lower service charges.

    55. Summing up A digital divide along income and educational level Logistic regression has confirmed ICT usage positively and significantly influenced by income and education.

    56. Summing up Increasing access to ICTs requires Overcoming poverty, increasing awareness and reducing costs Success in PRSP critical to overcome digital divide

    57. Summing up ICT industry consists of small business Only about 11 employees each. Very few engaged in R & D and software development. But many qualified professionals Possible for some firms to work on development of customized software to client specifications for export.

    58. Summing up Low cost of labor a major source of comparative advantage. Government should support ICT companies by improving access to credit and creating an enabling policy environment.

    59. Summing up Several regulatory problems of ICT Tax system and customs regulation, Laws to guard against hackers and contraband ICT goods Intellectual property rights to protect creators of content

    60. Summing up Government needs to work very closely with all stakeholders to overcome the deficiencies in the legal and regulatory framework Ongoing capacity building crucial

    61. THANK YOU

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