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Psychology of Learning EXP4404

Psychology of Learning EXP4404. Chapter 5: Reinforcement Dr. Steve. Topics Covered. Law of Effect Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning Reinforcement Escape-Avoidance Learning Operant vs. Classical Conditioning Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers Shaping & Chaining

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Psychology of Learning EXP4404

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  1. Psychology of LearningEXP4404 Chapter 5: Reinforcement Dr. Steve

  2. Topics Covered • Law of Effect • Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning • Reinforcement • Escape-Avoidance Learning • Operant vs. Classical Conditioning • Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers • Shaping & Chaining • Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Neuromechanics of Reinforcement • Extinction • Theories of Reinforcement

  3. Law of Effect • E. L. Thorndike • Puzzle Box for studying “animal intelligence” • Trial and Error Learning • Law of Effect • www.youtube.com/watch?v=BDujDOLre-8

  4. Operant Learning • Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning – • B. F. Skinner’s Operant Chamber

  5. Operant Learning • Reinforcement • Reinforcer • Positive Reinforcer • Negative Reinforcer

  6. Operant Learning • Escape-Avoidance Learning

  7. Operant Learning • Learned Helplessness

  8. Operant Classical Operant vs. Classical Conditioning

  9. Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers Primary vs. Secondary Reinforcers

  10. Secondary Reinforcers • Clicker Training

  11. Operant Learning • Shaping Bird shaping video

  12. Operant Learning • Chaining • Forward chaining • Backward chaining Funny example of Chaining Behavior

  13. Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Contingency • Contiguity

  14. Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Reinforcer Characteristics • Crespi Effect (aka, Contrast Effect) • Negative Effect • Positive Effect

  15. Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Token Economies

  16. Variables Affecting Reinforcement • Task Characteristics • Motivating Operation • Competing Reinforcers

  17. Operant Learning • Reward Pathway

  18. Operant Learning • Latent Learning

  19. Extinction • Extinction • Effects of extinction include: • Extinction burst

  20. Extinction • Effects of extinction include (cont’d): • Spontaneous Recovery • Resurgence • Behavior is Extinguished

  21. Theories of Reinforcement • Hull’s Drive-Reduction Theory • P(R) = (D x H x K x V) – I • P(R) = probability of response • D = Drive or length of deprivation • H = Habit or how often response has been reinforced • K = Incentive (pull factor) quantity or quality of goal • V = Stimulus intensity (push factor) – greater better • I = Inhibition- reduces probability of response (fatigue) • “Forgetting” may be function of reduction in D, K, or V (note: H cannot decrease) or increase in I

  22. Theories of Reinforcement • Premack Principle – aka – Relative Value Theory

  23. Theories of Reinforcement • Response Deprivation Theory – aka Equilibrium Theory

  24. Theories of Reinforcement • Theories of Negative Reinforcement (Avoidance) • Mowrer’s Two-Process Theory

  25. Theories of Reinforcement • Theories of Negative Reinforcement (Avoidance) • One-Process Theory

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