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Conflict and Absolutism in Europe 1550-1715

Conflict and Absolutism in Europe 1550-1715.

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Conflict and Absolutism in Europe 1550-1715

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  1. Conflict and Absolutism in Europe 1550-1715

  2. Define and memorize the following terms and their meanings: heretic, armada, inflation, divine right if kings, Puritans, Cavaliers, Roundheads, natural rights, absolutism, boyar, czar, Mannerism, baroque, bourgeoisie, constitutional government, limited monarchy

  3. Medieval Europe to Early Modern Europe • Transition from decentralized societies in which needs were met at the local level to centralized societies in which government (law and order) was dominated by monarchs (dynastic rulers) General types of political systems: traditional, authoritarian, democratic By 1700: France and Russia (absolute monarchies) England (constitutionally-limited monarchy)

  4. Traditionally, how was the power of monarchs checked in Europe? • Parliament (England) • Estates-General (France) These were assemblies of nobles, clergy, and wealthy townspeople the king summoned when he wanted to raise taxes. How could these assemblies limit the power of a monarch?

  5. The Spanish Empire

  6. Spain and Philip II (r.1556-1598) • Charles V (abdicated in 1556) • HRE went to brother Ferdinand • Spain and New World went to his son Philip II • Turks in the Mediterranean • Battle of Lepanto (1571) • Philip II- devout Catholic • Spain’s wealth and Golden Age • Philip’s plan for Europe?

  7. Philip II’s Empire

  8. Spain and Philip II (r.1556-1598) • Dutch Revolt in the Netherlands • Calvinism • William of Orange • United Provinces of the Netherlands (formed in 1581) • England? • Division of the Netherlands • Dutch Republic (United Provinces) • Spanish Netherlands *Dutch independence not formally recognized until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

  9. Spain and Philip II (r.1556-1598) • Spain vs. England • Mary Tudor (d.1558) and Philip II • Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603) • Invasion and defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588 • Consequence for England? The Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588

  10. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) • Failure of the 1555 Peace of Augsburg • independence of the states within the HRE • spread of Calvinism • Divided into four phases • Bohemian Phase • Danish Phase • Swedish Phase • French Phase

  11. War and Revolution in England

  12. The development of a constitutional monarchy in England The Tudor Dynasty • The War of the Roses (1455-1485) • Henry VII of England (r.1485-1509) • Henry VIII of England (r.1509-1547) • Edward VI of England (r.1547-1553) • Mary I “Bloody Mary” (r.1553-1558) • Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603)- end of the Tudor dynasty King Henry VIII

  13. divine right of kings- the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God The Stuart Dynasty • James I (r.1603-1625) • son of Mary, Queen of Scots • believed in the divine right of kings • True Law of Free Monarchies (1598) • Conflict with Puritans • “No bishop, no King” James I

  14. Charles I (r.1625-1649) • second son of King James I • an ineffective statesman • 1628, Parliament restricted the king’s ability to raise taxes • Charles tried to add ritual to the Protestant services in England • Charles was beheaded in 1649 • English Civil War (1642-1649) • Cavaliers (Royalists)- the king’s supporters • Roundheads- Parliament’s supporters • Parliament was victorious over the king and his supporters, mainly because of Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army • Cromwell’s opponents were removed from Parliament and King Charles was tried and executed • The Commonwealth (1649-1660)

  15. The Restoration (1660) • Charles II (r.1660-1685) • Declaration of Breda • Writ of Habeas Corpus The Glorious Revolution • James II (r.1685-1688) • Catholic wife and son • England’s fear? • William and Mary of Orange • Act of Toleration (1689)- religion freedom for Protestants in England; Catholics not recognized • English Bill of Rights(1689)- created a government based on the rule of law and a freely elected Parliament William of Orange

  16. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes Compare and contrast the political views of Locke and Hobbes. What are natural rights and what do you think people should do if their government violates those rights?

  17. French Society First Estate- Clergy (1%) Second Estate- Nobles (2%) Third Estate- Commoners (97%) Peasants Artisans bourgeoisie

  18. Who were the bourgeoisie? How did the bourgeoisie differ from the nobility? How did they differ from the other commoners? Bourgeoisie?

  19. The Three Estates in France

  20. The Rise ofAbsolute Monarchsin Europe

  21. The Rise of Absolutism in France King Louis XIV (r.1643-1715)

  22. What is absolutism? absolutism- a form of government with unlimited power held by one individual or group (such as a monarch and his advisors). The monarch makes all final decisions in regard to matters of state. What gave absolute monarchs their power and legitimacy to rule? divine right of kings- the belief that a ruler derives complete authority to govern directly from God and is responsible to God alone for his or her actions

  23. How did King Louis XIV see himself in relation to France? Jean Bodin, sixteenth-century French political philosopher, Six Books of the Commonwealth Jean Bodin

  24. Why did absolutism succeed in France? • Protestant Reformation??? • Conflict between the French nobility • The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) • The Valois dynasty (1328-1589) • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572 • Succession to the throne of France • The Valois dynasty (1328-1589) came to an end and the throne was contested • Henry Bourbon of Navarre (Huguenot) • Henry Duguise (Catholic) • Henry III Valois (Catholic)

  25. Population of France in sixteenth century

  26. The Nobility in France

  27. The Bourbon Dynasty • Henry Bourbon of Navarre became Henry IV of France (r.1589-1610) • After becoming the king of France, Henry renounced Protestantism and embraced Catholicism • “Paris is worth a mass” • Edict of Nantes (1598)

  28. Henry IV improvements • restored the royal treasury • repaired roads and bridges • supported trade and industry • tried to restore discipline in the army and order in the government bureaucracy *These actions were all put into effect without approval from the Estates-General.

  29. Louis XIII (r.1610-1643) • Nine years old in 1610 • His mother, Marie de Medici, ruled as his regent (one who governs in the minority of the sovereign) • In 1617, Louis gained the throne of France by force from his mother • Cardinal Richelieu • Louis XIII eventually gave Richelieu complete control over the government in France • Richelieu’s goal was to build an absolute monarchy in France. How? • Richelieu realized that he needed to further reduce the power of the nobles and the Huguenots in France. Why?

  30. Richelieu’s actions • Destroyed the nobles’ castles and took away their local administrative functions (administrative functions given to intendants) • Endeavored to take away the rights that had been granted to the Huguenots • Strengthened France’s army and economy • In order to establish French unity, he supported French culture

  31. Louis XIV of France The Sun King

  32. Louis XIV (r.1643-1715) • Five years old in 1643 • His mother, Anne of Austria, and Cardinal Mazarin ruled as his regents • In 1661, Mazarin died, and Louis assumed total control over France at 23 years old • Louis XIV set the style for European monarchies in the 1600s and 1700s • He called himself the Sun King • Louis XIV epitomized absolute rule in Europe • He became the source of all political authority in France (L’etat, c’est moi!)

  33. The Fronde (1648-1653) and Louis’s distrust of the nobles • The Palace at Versailles • Colbert • Repeal of the Edict of Nantes (1685) Consequences for France? Review question: Although an absolute monarchy developed in France, a limited monarchy (constitutional monarchy) developed in England. Why?

  34. Czar Peter the Great of Russia • Peter Romanov (1672-1725) • Romanov dynasty • absolute rule • boyars • new capital city at St. Petersburg on the Baltic Sea

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