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Latin America. HISTORY OF THE LAND. Fun fact of the day. September 20, 1519
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Latin America HISTORY OF THE LAND
Fun fact of the day • September 20, 1519 • Ferdinand Magellan sets sail from Spain to find a western sea route to Indonesia. He sailed with five ships and 270 men; he sailed to West Africa and then to Brazil. He was determined to find a way to get from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. He tried down the Rio de la Plata, but failed. He then found the strait he had been looking for. This strait was later named The Strait of Magellan.
Vocabulary • Viceroy: an official who rules in place of a king. • Mercantilism: an idea that a country’s economic strength depended on the more gold they exported than the goods they imported. • Peninsulares: an official sent from Spain to control the colonies. • Creoles: American-born citizens of Spanish settlers. • Mestizos: People of mixed European and Native American ancestry. • Free Blacks: Slaves who bought or were given their freedom.
Christopher Columbus set sail August 1492 • Plan was to find a faster route to Asia • Named the native people “Indians” • Treaty of Tordesillas • Ferdinand Magellan • Cape Horn • Pacific Ocean • Found wealth from Aztecs and Incans
Mid-1500’s Spanish empire reached from Mexico to Peru • Appointed two Viceroys • Council led Viceroys • Under mercantilism, colonies had two roles • Could only work with parent country • Supplied raw materials; lumber, cotton, sugar, precious metals. • Market where they sold goods such as furniture, clothing, and tools • Could not manufacture goods
Wealth was created through mining and agriculture • Mining • Gold • Silver • Single crops • Sugar cane • Meat • Leather • Wool
Encomienda • Demand taxes and labor • Pay Native Americans for work • Care for their health • Teach them Christianity • Forced labor in mines • Lack of a stable environment • Bartolome de lasCasas • Spoke out against treatment of Native Americans • Became a Dominican Friar and went to Spain • Changed laws to make enslavement of Native Americans illegal
Slave Trade • Russians and Poles were first slaves • Europeans first to use African-Americans as slaves • Exchanged cloth and weapons for gold, salt, and slaves
Portuguese in Brazil • African-American slaves • 5-350 plantations in 55 years • Sugar cane, cotton, coffee • During 1690’s found gold in the highlands • Caused expansion of the country
Columbian Exchange • Global exchange of people, goods, and ideas • Millions came over bringing government, law, and religion • Enslaved Africans • Folktales, music, and beliefs • Food • Europeans • Corn, potatoes, squash, chocolate, peanuts, and tomatoes • Asians • Pineapples, papaya, chili peppers • Europeans to America • Wheat, barley, chickpeas • Horses, cows, sheep, chickens, and pigs
Class System • Peninsulares • Creoles • Mestizos • Native Americans • Free Blacks • Slaves
Latin America Independence Wars
Simon Bolivar- the “Liberator” • Creole from Venezuela • Fought against Peninsulares/royalists • Bogota, New Grenada • Illaneros • 1819, defeated Spanish • Republic of Gran Columbia: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
Jose de San Martin • Creoles from Argentina • Officer in Spanish Army • Liberated Chile • Bernardo O’Higgins helped win Independence for Chile • San Martin help liberate Ecuador and Peru with Bolivar
Father Miguel Hidalgo • Creoles supported Native Americans and Mestizo army • Army seized estates of wealthy creoles and peninsulares • Promised to return the land back to the Indians • Loyalty to Spain increased • Died by firing squad
Jose Morelos • Mestizo priest • Brought discipline to army • Had some wins • Captured and executed • Helped organize army/after it was loosely organized
Mexican independence • Constitution created • Creoles thought their privileges would be taken away with constitution • Fought for independence • Agustin de Iturbide • Creoles army officer • Declared Mexican independence • Made himself emperor/ 2 years later stepped down • Creole leaders created a constitution that made Mexico a republic
Brazil • Peaceful means • Napoleon invaded Portugal • King John VI fled with 15,000 members of his court to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • Stimulated farming, trade, industry • Creoles wanted self-rule, constitution, and freedom • King John left, son Pedro was in charge • Pedro declared independence/emperor • Agreed to accept constitution/basic rights and elective legislature • Brazil did not abolish slavery • Monarchy until Pedro was forced to step down then became a republic
Take out a sheet of paper • Put your name, date, and period • You may use your notes • ………………..
Quiz • What countries did Simon Bolivar help liberate? • Who helped San Martin liberate Chile? • What was Morelos’s job before he helped liberate Mexico? • When finished put your quiz in a pile on the front desk. • When everyone in your group is finished you may work together, quietly/keep it to a whisper • Everyone must be sitting down in a seat • If you have any questions ask Mr. Sack or Miss Loan • Good Luck! • Religion projects due tomorrow!!
Latin America Economic Development
Trade • No longer had to limit trade to Spain and Portugal • Exported: • Sugar, beef, copper, and coffee • Imported: • Manufactured goods
Colonies • Spain did not want to let go • Colonies created small workshops and produced textiles and metal goods • British imports created competition • Supply and demand for goods
Foreign Investment • Colonies wanted to modernize. • Looked to foreigners for basic needs to build steamboats, railroads, and telegraphs. • British and United States invested heavily in Latin America. • Dredged harbors and laid out railroad tracks, and developed gold, silver, and copper mines. • Transportation boosted trade, but did little on investment. • Made it easier to ship goods but not move around the country.
Economic Imperialism • Imperialism: control by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. • Modernization was expensive, Latin America had to borrow large sums of money. • When debt was not paid, they threatened military action. • When Mexico could not pay debts, France sent 40,000 troops. • Maximilian was then named emperor of Mexico and ruled for three years. • The countries may not rule another country directly by a leader but because of economic imperialism they still had a large hand in how the country worked.
Benito Juarez • Mexican president who fought to win a better life for Mexico’s poor. • At the age of 12, he was unable to read or speak Spanish. • At the age of 18, he began to practice law and was elected to local and state posts. • He called for democratic reforms. • He wanted to lower the wealth and power of the Catholic Church and the army. • Conservatives were outraged and asked followers to resist. • The laws were written into the new Mexican constitution and this caused a civil war called the War of Reform
Benito Juarez (cont.) • The reformers won the war. • He was then elected President of Mexico, and he was the first Native American elected president for Mexico. • Years of war divided Mexico during his time. • Mexico owed many foreign countries, and France sent over an emperor (Maximilian) to rule that led Juarez to flee. • He died during his fourth term in 1872, was known for helping Mexico's Indians restore self-esteem, and creating a republic by separating church and state in Mexico.
Limited Progress • Foreign investment helped develop some countries like Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. • Arrival of Europeans helped create economic growth. • Economic growth helped create the middle class. • Gap between rich and poor still existed but many hoped the middle class would help create a stable government.
Latin America Today • United States • Bought sugar plantations in Cuba • Bought copper mines in Chile • Built railroads and factories in Brazil and Argentina • Invested in oil wells in Mexico and Venezuela • Investments benefited the wealthy but not the majority of the Latin American population. • When countries could not pay their loans they used military force.
In the Dominican Republic the US took over the control of customs and repaid the loans. • After the loans were paid, marines still occupied the island until 1924. • The US would intervene in a country like Nicaragua, Haiti, and Honduras if it protected American lives or had a government that favored American interests. • “Yankee Imperialism”
The Great Depression hit the US and the rise of Anti-American in Latin American caused the US to want to better their relationship. • FDR created a policy called the Good Neighbor Policy. • “No state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another state.” • US continued to be the most powerful economic force in the region. • US owned large tracts of land, commercial farms, and mines. • US is leading trade partner with Latin America.
Regional Cooperation • Countries were small, so they had a limited market for their goods. • In 1960’s and 1970’s, some organized a regional common market to create a larger market for the sale of their goods. • Andean Pact: countries within the pact agreed to lower their tariffs and promote economic development. • Countries involved were Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Venezuela.
Organization of American States (OAS): the use of peaceful means, discourage foreign intervention, and promote economic development and democracy. • US has dominated the OAS. • OAS has helped settle wars between countries, helped democratically elected president restore order after they were overthrown by military. • US helped member nations who are poorer improve health care, transportation, and education.
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement. • Canada, United States, and Mexico • Latin Americans seek similar idea after seeing that Mexico has benefited from the arrangement.
Global Issues • Latin America is filled with mainly Third World countries who borrowed money. • In the 1980’s interest rates on loans increased causing nations who had trouble repaying loans to almost default. • This could cause lending banks to fail. • Debt-for-nature swaps: nations agreed to cancel a small part of another nation’s debt if it agreed to support local conservation projects.
Latin American countries own more than $600 billion. • Governments have cut spending on services to poor, laid off workers, and sold state owned industries. • These ideas saved money but lowered standard of living even more.
Drug Trade • The lack of financial resources from the country leads many to sell illegal drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. • There is a demand in the US and Europe, and because of poverty in Latin America. • There has been small progress with stopping. • Drug lords are violent and controlling. • Farmers want economic aid if they are told to do something else for a living instead of growing coca.
Governments • “Many tyrants will arise on my tomb”- Bolivar • Caudillos: military leaders • Came into power and often became dictators • Would hold office for a short time before overthrown • Mexico: General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna seized power 6 times between 1832-1855. • Argentina: Juan Manuel de Rosas was head of the army; used army in 1835 to enforce his ideas. In power for 17 years before he was overthrown. • Many were war heroes in the fight for independence. • Promised democracy and land reform. • Went back on their promise and promoted friends and family members to official jobs and fulfilled their own interests instead of the country’s.
Oligarchy • Wealthy landowners, church officials, merchants, mine owners, and military. • Most governments became oligarchies. • The land was governed by the wealthy and by their ideals.
Liberals vs. Conservatives • Liberals: • Wanted a democratic republic. • Separation of Church and state. • Governed by elected officials. • Wanted rapid change in education, religious freedom, and freedom of the press. • Doctors, lawyers, artisans, and people of lower ranks in Church and military. • Conservatives: • Slow change. • Have schools and government governed by the Church. • Opposed freedom of press and speech. • Wealthy landowners, high Church officials, top-ranking military officers.
Chile • Bolivia
Latin America Culture
