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Transport and Exchange 1: Blood and Breath

Transport and Exchange 1: Blood and Breath. 29.1 The Cardiovascular System. The Cardiovascular System.

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Transport and Exchange 1: Blood and Breath

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  1. Transport and Exchange 1:Blood and Breath

  2. 29.1 The Cardiovascular System

  3. The Cardiovascular System • The human cardiovascular system is a fluid transport system that consists of the heart, all the body’s blood vessels, the blood, and the bone marrow tissue in which red blood cells are formed.

  4. The Cardiovascular System • This system transports substances both to and from the body’s cells. • Such substances include oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, waste products, and immune system cells and proteins.

  5. Transport and Exchange System Respiratory system moves O2 into, andCO2 out of the body. Cardiovascular system transports materials to andfrom all other systems. Digestive system transforms food into a formthat can be transportedthroughout the body. Urinary system filters bodily fluids, removeswaste while conservingwater and other materials. Figure 29.1

  6. 29.2 The Composition of Blood

  7. The Composition of Blood • Blood has two primary components: formed elements and blood plasma. • Formed elements are blood cells and cell fragments. • Blood plasma is the fluid portion of blood in which the formed elements are suspended.

  8. The Composition of Blood • There are three kinds of formed elements: • red blood cells • white blood cells • platelets

  9. The Composition of Blood blood sample 55% plasma formedelements 45% Formed elements Plasma 99.9% Red blood cellsWhite blood cellsPlatelets WaterPlasma proteinsOther solutes 92%7%1% 0.1% Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets Figure 29.2

  10. The Composition of Blood • Red blood cells carry oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, every part of the body. • White blood cells are central to the immune system. • Platelets are small fragments of cells that are important in the blood-clotting process.

  11. Transport Cells Figure 29.3

  12. Plasma • Blood plasma is 92 percent water, but it also contains other materials, including proteins.

  13. Plasma • There are three primary classes of plasma proteins: • Albumins, which transport hormones and fatty acids. • Fibrinogen, which aids in blood clotting. • Globulins, which aid the immune system and serve as transport proteins.

  14. Transport Proteins • Two transport proteins are important in the health of the heart. • Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) carry lipids to bodily tissues from the liver and small intestines. • High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) carry lipids from these tissues to the liver.

  15. Plasma • Other plasma compounds include nutrients, wastes, hormones, and electrolytes.

  16. 29.3 Blood Vessels

  17. Blood Vessels • Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart are arteries; blood vessels returning blood to the heart are veins.

  18. Blood Vessels • The smallest blood vessels, the capillaries, connect the arteries with the veins.

  19. Blood Vessels connectivetissue connectivetissue muscle epithelium muscle vein epithelium artery capillary Figure 29.4

  20. Blood Vessels • Arteries and veins are always made of three distinct layers of tissue. • The middle layer is muscle that allows arteries and veins to widen or constrict in diameter.

  21. Blood Vessels • Capillaries, conversely, are composed of only a single layer of cells. • This allows the movement of blood-borne materials into and out of them along their length.

  22. 29.4 The Heart and Blood Circulation

  23. The Heart and Blood Circulation • The heart’s contractions propel blood out to the various tissues of the body.

  24. The Heart and Blood Circulation • Two blood circulation loops exist in the body. • The first loop is the pulmonary circulation, in which blood circulates between the heart and the lungs (with the result that blood is oxygenated).

  25. The Heart and Blood Circulation • The second loop is the systemic circulation, in which blood circulates between the heart and the rest of the body. • The result is that needed materials are transported to and from all parts of the body.

  26. The Heart and Blood Circulation The pulmonary and systemic circulation networks The circulation of blood through the heart From the aorta, blood is distributed to therest of the body. superiorvena cava The right side ofthe heart pumpsdeoxygenatedblood to the lungs. The left side of theheart pumpsoxygenated blood tothe entire body. Blood is deliveredto the lungs via the pulmonary arteries. Oxygenated bloodreturns from thelungs through the pulmonary veins. pulmonaryarteries pulmonarycirculation (to lungs) Deoxygenatedblood enters the right atrium through the superiorand inferior venacavae. pulmonaryveins Blood thenmoves into the left atrium which pumps it into theleft ventricle. Powerful contractionsof the left ventricle force blood into the aorta. systemicveins systemicarteries systemiccirculation (to all tissues) inferiorvena cava The right atrium pumpsblood into the right ventricle, which contracts, pumpingblood to the lungs. Figure 29.5

  27. The Heart and Blood Circulation • The human heart contains four muscular chambers: • Two for pulmonary circulation (the right atrium and right ventricle). • Two for systemic circulation (the left atrium and left ventricle).

  28. The Heart and Blood Circulation • A series of valves that open and close ensures that blood flows only one way through the heart.

  29. The Cardiovascular System PLAY Animation 29.1: The Cardiovascular System

  30. 29.5 What is a Heart Attack?

  31. Heart Attacks • About half of all deaths in the United States today are caused by the blockage of one or more of the coronary arteries that supply heart tissue with blood.

  32. Heart Attacks • Such blockages generally are caused by a buildup of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) molecules in a coronary artery, followed by an immune system reaction to these LDLs and formation of a blood clot in the artery.

  33. Heart Attacks • A heart attack occurs when this process results in the complete blockage of a coronary artery, which cuts off the blood supply to groups of cells within the heart, thus killing them.

  34. Critical Vessels aorta superiorvena cava pulmonaryartery left maincoronaryartery rightcoronaryartery site ofblockage left anteriordescendingcoronaryartery blood clot core ofoxidizedLDLmolecules damagedheart muscle Figure 29.6

  35. 29.6 Distributing the Goods: The Capillary Beds

  36. The Capillary Beds • Arteries near the heart branch into smaller arterioles, which feed into the delivery vehicles of the cardiovascular system, the capillary beds.

  37. Capillary Beds • The capillary beds then feed back into the body’s system of veins that returns blood to the heart.

  38. Capillary Beds artery vein capillary bed arteriole venule interstitial fluid O2 glucose CO2 wastes epithelial cells ofcapillary wall tissuecells Figure 29.7

  39. Capillary Beds • Materials needed by the body’s tissues move out of the capillaries and into the interstitial fluid that surrounds both the capillaries and nearby cells. • Meanwhile, carbon dioxide and wastes from these cells flow into capillaries from the interstitial fluid.

  40. Capillary Beds • The movement of all these substances is aided by their concentration gradients. • They move from areas of their higher concentration to areas of their lower concentration. • The movement of water is driven in two directions by two opposing forces.

  41. Capillary Beds • At the arterial end of the capillary beds, blood pressure tends to drive water out of the capillaries. • But at the venous end of the beds, osmosis overcomes the force of blood pressure and pulls most of this water back into the capillaries.

  42. Capillary Beds • Blood pressure is at low levels by the time blood has moved through the capillaries.

  43. Capillary Beds • Blood returns to the heart through the contraction of skeletal muscles, which squeeze the veins in a way that moves the venous blood toward the heart. • A system of valves in the veins ensures that this movement is one way—toward the heart.

  44. One-Way Flow to the Heart Valves allow bloodto go forward . . . . . . but notbackward valveclosed valveopen musclescontracted musclesrelaxed valveopen valveclosed Figure 29.8

  45. 29.7 The Respiratory System

  46. The Respiratory System • The central function of the respiratory system is to capture oxygen and to dispose of carbon dioxide. • It also aids in controlling pH balance in the bloodstream and in producing sounds for speaking.

  47. The Respiratory System • Respiration can be defined as the exchange of gases between the atmosphere outside the body and the cells within it.

  48. The Respiratory System • The respiratory system includes: • the lungs, the nose, nasal cavity, and sinuses • the pharynx (upper throat) • the larynx (voice box) • the trachea (windpipe) • the conducting passageways, called bronchi and bronchioles, that lead to the lungs

  49. The Respiratory System • The lungs themselves are largely composed of the tiny hollow sacs, called alveoli. • Alveoli lie at the end of each bronchiole and they are the air exchange chambers of the body.

  50. The Respiratory System Anatomy of the lungs The structure of alveoli vein sinuses nasal cavity artery larynx alveolus trachea pharynx left lung esophagus left bronchus right lung bronchioles capillary network A bronchiole and its alveoli diaphragm Figure 29.9

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