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第 八 讲 印度尼西亚贯穿流的模拟 李 薇 liwei@lasg.iap.ac 2006 年 12 月

第 八 讲 印度尼西亚贯穿流的模拟 李 薇 liwei@lasg.iap.ac.cn 2006 年 12 月. Tropical Pacific. Indonesian Throughflow. 印度尼西亚贯穿 流 (Indonesian Throughflow, ITF) 的 模拟 内 容 提 要 什么是 ITF? 什么驱动了 ITF ? ITF 的气候和变化特征 . ITF 与气候异常的关系. 1. 热带太平洋表层海流 (Lukas et al. 1996).

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第 八 讲 印度尼西亚贯穿流的模拟 李 薇 liwei@lasg.iap.ac 2006 年 12 月

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  1. 第 八 讲印度尼西亚贯穿流的模拟李 薇liwei@lasg.iap.ac.cn2006年12月 LASG/IAP/CAS

  2. Tropical Pacific Indonesian Throughflow LASG/IAP/CAS

  3. 印度尼西亚贯穿流 (Indonesian Throughflow, ITF)的模拟 内 容 提 要 什么是ITF? 什么驱动了ITF? ITF的气候和变化特征. ITF与气候异常的关系. 1. LASG/IAP/CAS

  4. 热带太平洋表层海流 (Lukas et al. 1996) LASG/IAP/CAS

  5. 印度尼西亚贯穿流(ITF)是指从赤道太平洋穿过印度尼西亚海区一系列复杂通道、向印度洋的海水输送。印度尼西亚贯穿流(ITF)是指从赤道太平洋穿过印度尼西亚海区一系列复杂通道、向印度洋的海水输送。 LASG/IAP/CAS

  6. 1.1 印度尼西亚海域的独特性 1.1.1 两个海盆在低纬度的交换(全球唯一的) LASG/IAP/CAS

  7. 1.1 印度尼西亚海域的独特性 高海温:连接西太平洋暖池和东印度洋暖池 全球年平均海表温度(Reynolds资料)

  8. 1.1 印度尼西亚海域的独特性 降水高值区 年平均降水率(CMAP资料) (1982~1992年平均,等值线间隔1.5mm/d,4.5mm/d以上有阴影)

  9. 在历史文献记载中,该海域曾有许多若干不同的命名。例如Australasian Mediterranean, Indo-Malayan Archipelago, East Indian Archipelago。目前通常称为Indonesian Seas或Southeast Asian Waters。 该海域面积8.94106平方公里,约占全球海表面积的2.5%。 从海图上看,印度尼西亚海被众多岛屿所分割,主要形成8个海区。分别是 (1)Banda Sea,(2)Sulawesi Sea,(3)Molucca Sea,(4) Halmahera Sea,(5)Seram Sea,(6)Sulu Sea,(7)Flores Sea,(8)Sawu Sea. 1.1 印度尼西亚海域的独特性 1.1.2 岛屿众多,全球海陆地形最复杂的海区. LASG/IAP/CAS

  10. South China Sea Pacific Ocean Sulawesi Sea Halmahera Sea Molucca Sea Makassar St. Banda Sea Flores Sea Lombok St. Sawu Sea Timor Sea Indian Ocean from TG2001

  11. 1.1 印度尼西亚海域的独特性 What happens before Pacific water enters Indian Ocean? heat/freshwater [buoyancy] Indian Pacific mixing upwelling From Gordon (2005)

  12. 1.1 印度尼西亚海域的独特性 海洋的强混合 位温-盐度点聚图(Gordon 2005) (1993年观测,不同色点代表不同站点,灰色为太平洋水)

  13. 1.1 印度尼西亚海域的独特性 海表热通量高值区 年平均海表热通量(Oberhuber 1988资料). from TG2001

  14. 1.2 研究ITF的科学意义 1.2.1 ITF是太平洋低纬度西边界流(LLWBC) 的一部分. LASG/IAP/CAS

  15. 热带太平洋表层流示意图 NEC NECC SEC

  16. 1.2 研究ITF的科学意义 1.2.2 ITF对于太平洋、印度洋的质量、热量收支有重要贡献。 LASG/IAP/CAS

  17. LASG/IAP/CAS

  18. The role of the ITF in the ocean reviewed by Godfrey (1996): • To remove a significant amount of the surface heat flux the Pacific received in the Tropics (1/3 in HG93, 0.63PW). • To affect the thermocline of the Indian Ocean and in part responsible for the lack of cold upwelling off the western coast of Australia. • A major salt sink for the Pacific and a gain for the Indian Ocean. • To be suggested to take part in the return branch of the thermohaline circulation. LASG/IAP/CAS

  19. 1.2 研究ITF的科学意义 1.2.3 古海洋与古气候:有关的暖池兴衰演变 LASG/IAP/CAS

  20. SE Asia Reconstructions50-0 Ma Robert Hall 1995 LASG/IAP/CAS

  21. Discovering the ITF (by Klaus Wyrtki) LASG/IAP/CAS

  22. LASG/IAP/CAS

  23. 最早的文献: Wyrtki,K., 1958, The water exchange between the Pacific and the Indian Oceans in relation to upwelling process. Proceedings of the North Pacific Science Congress, Inst. Mar. Res., Djakarta, Indonesia, 16:61-65. Wyrtki, K., 1961, Physical Oceanography of the Southeast Asian Waters, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, NAGA report, 2, 195pp. “It is very gratifying to know that this early study has stimulated a great deal of additional research on this important link in global ocean circulation.” ---- Klaus Wyrtki 2005 LASG/IAP/CAS

  24. 第1部分小结: 从独特性和重要性来理解 ITF • 印度尼西亚海是全球唯一的在低纬度沟通两个海盆的海域,海陆地形非常复杂。该海域具有海温高、降水量大等诸多显著的气候特征。 • 印度尼西亚贯穿流(ITF)是太平洋LLWBC的一部分。ITF将太平洋暖水输送到印度洋,从而对两大洋在赤道地区的热量和质量收支、环流等都有重要影响。 LASG/IAP/CAS

  25. 印度尼西亚贯穿流 (Indonesian Throughflow, ITF)的模拟 内 容 提 要 什么是ITF? 什么驱动了ITF? ITF的气候和变化特征. ITF与气候异常的关系. 2. LASG/IAP/CAS

  26. LASG/IAP/CAS

  27. Titf EQ A 44S B T44S LASG/IAP/CAS

  28. T44S:运动方程沿44S纬向积分(A  B)、垂向积分(-Z到0) ? ? ② Ekman Transport: 8Sv Geostrophic Current: ?? 1Sv=1x106m3s-1 LASG/IAP/CAS

  29. ME  南半球 Ekman volume transport LASG/IAP/CAS

  30. D C EQ A 44S B T44S LASG/IAP/CAS

  31. B  C积分(东边界法向速度为0): ③ C  D积分: ④ D  A积分(东边界法向速度为0): ⑤ LASG/IAP/CAS

  32. 8Sv 8Sv Titf  16Sv 由③,④,⑤得到: ⑥ 回想方程②以及关系式T44S=TCD, ② Ekman Transport Geostrophic Current LASG/IAP/CAS

  33. Island Rule (Godfrey1989): ⑦ LASG/IAP/CAS

  34. D C EQ A 44S B T44S LASG/IAP/CAS

  35. 第2部分小结: • ITF的质量输运与南太平洋向北的流量相平衡。根据岛屿定律,垂直积分的ITF流量可由赤道以南的太平洋风应力旋度的面积积分来确定。 LASG/IAP/CAS

  36. 问题:岛屿定律是一个简化的概念模型。其中哪些被忽略的物理过程,将对估算ITF流量有影响?问题:岛屿定律是一个简化的概念模型。其中哪些被忽略的物理过程,将对估算ITF流量有影响? LASG/IAP/CAS

  37. 印度尼西亚贯穿流 (Indonesian Throughflow, ITF)的模拟 内 容 提 要 什么是ITF? 什么驱动了ITF? ITF的气候和变化特征. ITF与气候异常的关系. 3. LASG/IAP/CAS

  38. 3.1 ITF流量和路径的年平均态 3.1.1 观测结果 3.1.2 数值模拟 3.2 ITF流量和路径的季节变化 3.2.1 印度尼西亚海表层流 3.2.2 ITF流量的年周期和半年周期变化信号 3.3 ITF流量的季节内变化 3.4 ITF流量的年际变化 LASG/IAP/CAS

  39. 3.1 ITF流量和路径:年平均态 3.1.1 观测结果 LASG/IAP/CAS

  40. data since March 1987 and are ongoing LASG/IAP/CAS

  41. LASG/IAP/CAS

  42. LASG/IAP/CAS

  43. 1987-2000: Mean Transport Characteristics (unit:Sv) PX2IX1 Singapore-Darwin Fremantle-Java Ekman: 0.7 3.5 Geostrophic: 8.1 5.6 TOTALS:8.89.1 LASG/IAP/CAS

  44. LASG/IAP/CAS

  45. Figure Caption: Schematic of ITF pathways (Gordon, 2001). The solid arrows represent N-Pacific thermocline water; the dashed arrows represent S-Pacific lower thermocline water; the hollow arrow represents overflow of dense Pacific water into the deep Banda Sea, which may amount to about 1Sv (van Aken et al., 1988). Transports in Sv are given in red. The 10.5Sv in italics is the sum of the flows through the Lesser Sunda passages. ME: Mindanao Eddy; HE: Halmahera Eddy. Superscript refers to reference source: 1: Makassar Strait in 1997 (Gordon et al., 1999); 2: Lombok Strait (Murray and Arief, 1988; Murray et al., 1989) from Jan. 1985 to Jan. 1986; 3: Timor Passage (between Timor and Australia) measured in Mar. 1992 to Apr. 1993 (Molcard et al., 1996); 4: Timor Passage, Oct. 1987 and Mar. 1988 (Cresswell et al., 1993); 5: Ombai Strait from Dec. 1995 to Dec. 1996 (Molcard et al., 2001); 6: between Java and Australia from 1983 to 1989 XBT data (Meyers et al., 1995; Meyers, 1996); 7: Upper 470 m of the SEC in the eastern Indian Ocean in Oct. 1987 (Quadfasel et al., 1996); 8: Average ITF within the SEC defined by 5 WOCE WHP sections (Gordon et al., 1997). Inserts A-D show positions of INSTANT moorings. Insert A: 2 Makassar Strait Inflow moorings (U.S., red diamond) within Labani Channel. Insert C: Netherland’s mooring within the main channel of Lifamatola Passage (yellow triangle). Insert B, D: Sunda moorings in Ombai Strait, Lombok Strait, and Timor Passage (U.S., red diamonds; France, purple square; Australia, green circles). The positions of the shallow pressure gauge array (SPGA, U.S., green X). LASG/IAP/CAS

  46. Mass Transport: (1Sv=1x106m3s-1) 5 Sv in the upper 400m, 7 Sv for total (Meyers et al. 1995), 712 Sv (Wijffels et al. 1996), 0~20 Sv (Godfrey 1996), 9.3 Sv for 1997 (Makassar Strait, Gordon et al. 1999), 165 Sv (Ganachaud & Wunsch 2000), 10~15 Sv (Ocean Circulation & Climate). Heat Transport: (1PW=1x1015W)1.4PW (Ganachaud & Wunsch 2000),0.63PW in ocean GCM (Hirst & Godfrey 1993), 0.9 PW in ECHO coupled GCM (Schneider & Barnett 1997). LASG/IAP/CAS

  47. 在太平洋的路径(水源): 在北太平洋LLWBC附近,北赤道流(NEC)在14N附近分流为向北的黑潮和向南的棉兰老流(MC)。MC在棉兰老岛东侧(8N)绕流过逆时针的棉兰老涡(ME),部分流入进入印度尼西亚海,另一部分向东提供北赤道逆流(NECC)的水源。 南太平洋向北的上层海流,大部分顺时针地绕Halmahera涡(HE, 约2N)折向东,与来自MC的东向流汇合,提供给NECC。深层少量的南太平洋水通过Maluku海和Halmahera海,组成ITF的一部分。 LASG/IAP/CAS

  48. 在印度尼西亚海的路径: 来自MC的海水主要通过Makassar海峡向南输送。流出Makassar海峡以后,一部分由Lombok海峡直接流入印度洋,主要部分折向东经Ombai海峡和Timor通道进入印度洋。 在印度洋的路径(去向): 流出印度尼西亚海之后,ITF在印度洋入口通道的北部(Java以南)形成西向的急流,汇入南赤道流穿过印度洋。 LASG/IAP/CAS

  49. 位温-盐度点聚图(Gordon 2005) (1993年观测,不同色点代表不同站点,灰色为太平洋水) LASG/IAP/CAS

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