Organizing knowledge in the digital environment

1. Organizing knowledge in the digital environment Ch 9 from the textbook: Organizing Knowledge: An Introduction to Managing Access to Information.

2. Content • Introduction • What is a portal? • What is personalization? • Digital Library • Open Access and Repositories • Search Engines and Directories • Online public access catalogues (OPACs) • Content Management Systems(CMSs) • Record Management Systems • Image Retrieval Systems • Web Community tools (wikis and blogs)

3. Introduction • In this chapter we explore the rang of system which are available to enable different users in different situations to access organized knowledge . • We will explore numerous long standing tools for knowledge organization , including abstracting and indexing databases ,citation indexes and OPACs. • We also content management system ,Image retrieval system and social networking tools such as wikis and blog .

4. What is a portal? • Web portals are organized gateways that help to structure the access to information found on the Internet. • Portal is a single secure point of interaction with diverse information , business processes and people personalized to user’s need and responsibilities . (IBM, 2003) • A web portal usually includes customizable access to data such as stock reports, local, regional, and national news, and email services.

5. Distinction between a gateway and portal • Gateway : is a virtual place that provides signposts to resources . • The user enters the gateway is assisted to select the most useful pointers and then follows them to locate resources themselves. • The user is a temporary visitor .

6. Distinction between a gateway and portal • Portal :is more sophisticated resource. • The user sends a query to portal which examines it , reformats it and uses it to query a series of other resources that may contain content of relevance . • The results from these searches are then concatenated and otherwise processed by the portal before begging presented to the user . • The user entered the portal never leaves the portal goes out into the information universes on his or her behalf .

7. Portal advantages The organization providing a portal acquires the following advantages : • Strong visibility in cyberspace(internet) . • The opportunity to create a community of consumers who identify with the portal. • Control in strategic alliances with partners with whose sites link are made ; mutual links might represent a collaborative arrangement . • The ability to collect data about consumer choices , search and interests : this allows to create a user profile.

8. Portal facilities • A wide range of utilities for example e-mail , address book . Bookmarks , calendar , currency calculator , map and many more. • Resource discovery , including access to bibliographic database , source databases and electronic journals . • Facility of searching in the web. • New feed on a whole range of topics (RSS) • Community communication : ex , chat and newsgroups • Personalization • Customization (ex: Customize their portal pages )

9. Example of portal facilities • For instance, some portals allow a user to customize weather reports so that the weather forecast is automatically provided only for a specific city. • Example : yahoo- iGoogle .

10. What is personalization? • Personalization : means providing a "me"-centered user experience of the resources (data, documents, and people) in a portal. • Personalization is attempt in the digital to offer individual services an attempt to build customer loyalty . • Provide personalized access to information, applications, processes and people. • Ex : Amazon

11. What is personalization? • A general-purpose portal contains many elements including featured content, numerous hyperlinks, search capability, stock quotes, and customization based on user locale • Customization : service which offer the latter enable to build an individualization service . • Ex : my yahoo

12. Digital Library • Other terms of DL have been used : virtual library , electronic library ,and library without walls . • Digital library: is a managed collection of information, with associated services, where the information is stored in digital formats and accessible over a network. EX: New Zealand digital library http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library.cgi • Provides several document collections, including historical documents, humanitarian and development information, computer science technical reports and bibliographies, literary works, and magazines.

13. Digital Library • DL Context : data ,metadata that describe various aspects of the data and metadata that consist of links or relationships to other data or metadata . • All are available over the Web, and can be accessed through searching and browsing interfaces provided by the Greenstone digital library software. • Behind the query interface lies a huge collection providing gigabytes of information.

14. Advantages of Digital Libraries • No physical boundary • Round the clock availability • Multiple accesses: The same resources can be used at the same time by a number of users. • Structured approach: Digital library provides access to much richer content • Preservation: An exact copy of the original can be made any number of times without any degradation in quality.

15. Advantages of Digital Libraries • Space: Whereas traditional libraries are limited by storage space • Networking: A particular digital library can provide the link to any other resources of other digital library very easily thus a seamlessly integrated resource sharing can be achieved. • Cost- The cost of maintaining a digital library is much lower than that of a traditional library.

16. Digital Libraries • Greenstone : is a suite of software for building and distributing digital library collections. • It provides a new way of organizing information and publishing it on the Internet or on CD-ROM. Greenstone is produced by the New Zealand Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato.

17. Open Access and Repositories Open access : is fee access to digital content via the internet . Repositories: • In information technology, a repository is a central place in which an aggregation of data and information are kept and maintained in an organized way. • A repository may be directly accessible to users or may be a place from which specific databases, files, or documents are obtained for further relocation or distribution in a network.

18. Open Access and Repositories (cont) Tow types of repositories : 1- Institutional repository: is a set of services offered by a university to manage and make accessible scholarly digital materials created by the institution and its community members 2- Subject-based repository: subject-based repositories are not restricted to the output of a particular institution. They offer scientists and scholars from a particular discipline, or a group of related disciplines, the opportunity to deposit their work. DLIST(Digital library of information technology) is an interdisciplinary ,cross-institutional repositories, subject based for the Information Sciences

19. Search engines and directories • The web search engines keep the exact details of its search algorithms secret , they all operate in similar manner . • Web crawler or spider which trawls the web on a regular basis and follows links which find in other website. • Indexing • Ranking :it is based on number of features such as whereabouts in the web page the terms appear and how often they appear.

20. Quality controlled resources: INTUTE • INTUTE: is a free online service that helps users find the best web resources for studies and research.

21. Online public access catalogues (OPACs) • OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog) is a computerized library catalog available to the public. • Most OPACs are accessible over the Internet to users all over the world. What is not included in the OPAC? • You cannot search for periodical (newspaper, magazine and journal) articles in the OPAC.

22. Content Management Systems(CMSs) • The aim :is to enable relatively non-technical users to develop and manage website or other means of publishing , enabling the handling of text , images and multimedia . • CMS contain facilities to enable the creation of content, the management of content and the delivery of or publishing of that content. • The data published by the CMS is held in a relational database.

23. Content Management Systems(CMSs) • CMS facilitate the management of access control at various levels • CMSs have features for the management of FAQs(frequently ask questions) • Ability to develop stander templates . • Ability to deal with non-western character sets. • Ability to generate RSS feeds, a search facility and automatic site map creation.

24. CMSs usage • Production of marketing material • Operations manual • Newspaper • Journals • Newsletters • websites

25. Record Management Systems • Record management: is concerned with the identification, capture, storage, retrieval and the destruction of the records which are necessary for a business to flourish. • Ex: medical records, financial record. • Record manager : is responsible for the creation , implementation and monitoring of an organization record policy. (how long it is kept and when it should be destroyed)

26. Record Management Systems (cont) • Organization can keep records in either physical format or electronically • Record Management System : is a software program which stores the records within an organization and keeps track of them so that they can be retrieved when needed and destroyed when appropriate.

27. Image Retrieval Systems • An image retrieval system: is a computer system for browsing, searching and retrieving images from a large database of digital images. • Most traditional and common methods of image retrieval utilize some method of adding metadata such as captioning, keywords, or descriptions to the images so that retrieval can be performed over the annotation words.

28. Image Retrieval Systems (cont) There are two way for image retrieval: • Concept-based image retrieval is logically the same as text-based retrieval. The images are represented by some form of metadata and retrieval is by matching criteria against information object representations (the metadata).

29. Image Retrieval Systems (cont) • Content-based image retrieval(image processing) means that the search will analyze the actual contents of the image. The term 'content' in this context might refer to colors, shapes, textures, or any other information that can be derived from the image itself. • Without the ability to examine image content, searches must rely on metadata.

30. Web community tools: Wikis and blog • Web community tools :is software tools which have been developed to enable people to work in different ways , in particular to work collaboratively. • Tow important software developments are wikis and blog.

31. Web community tools: Wiki • AWiki : is a Web site (or other hypertext document collection) that allows a user to add content. • It is an open, collaborative community Website where anyone can contribute. The key characteristics of typical Wikis are: • The ability to create and edit content within a Web environment without the need to download any special software. • The use of a simple markup language which is designed to simplify the process of creating and editing documents. • The ability to easily create and edit content, often without the need for special privileges • A search function to retrieve information within the wiki .

32. Wikipedia – The Largest WikiThe Wikipedia • The Wikipedia is the largest and best-known Wiki. The Wikipedia provides a good example of a community Wiki in which content is provided by contributors around the world. • The Wikipedia appears to have succeeded in providing an environment and culture which has minimised the dangers of misuse.

33. Wikis usage Wikis can be used for a number of purposes: • On public Web sites • In teaching. • By researchers. • On Intranets. • Wikis can be used at events for note-taking in discussion groups

34. Blogs • A blog is a frequently updated online personal journal or diary. Blogs are an Internet-based journals. • a blog is a type of website that is usually arranged in chronological order from the most recent ‘post’ (or entry) at the top of the main page to the older entries towards the bottom • Blogs are hyperactive. This means that blogs can link to other Web sites. • Blogs are interactive. As the blog is being developed readers are also allowed to make comments.

35. Blogs (cont) Is a Blog a Webpage? • To the reader, a blog is a webpage • To the author, a blog is an authoring system that allows them to create a webpage How are Blogs Different? • Blogs use a journal or diary metaphor • A user makes a post instead of making a page • Posts are most often ordered by date • Posts can also be ordered by other criteria, such as user-defined categories

36. Blogs (cont) Why Use a Blog? • To make a website • To make a website with many authors • To publish a journal All this can be accomplished without even knowing HTML, Front-page or other web authoring tools.

37. The end 