Organismic Biology

1. Organismic Biology Lecture 4 NatSci II Josephine B. Guerrero, MD Asst. Professor, Department of Biology

2. Levels of Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

3. tissues

4. Plant Tissues: • Meristematic – immature, undifferentiated, rapidly dividing; apical meristem and lateral meristem • Fundamental • Parenchyma – thin-walled; cortex and pith • Collenchyma – irregularly thickened; periphery of stems and leaves • Sclerenchyma – thick walls; fibers, sclereids (seeds and seed coats) • Vascular- responsible for the movement of materials inside the plant; xylem vs. phloem

6. Sclerenchyma Parenchyma Collenchyma

8. Animal Tissues: • Epithelial – covers external and internal surfaces; attached to a basement membrane • Connective – “connects” or supports other structures , “fills” body layers or spaces • Muscle – capable of contraction for movement • Nervous – for propagation of electrical impulses • Reproductive – gametes for reproduction

9. Epithelial Tissues • According to Shape of Cells • Squamous – flat, polygonal • Cuboidal – equal height, width, thickness • Columnar – greater height than width and thickness • Transitional – varies in shape from cuboidal to squamous depending on the degree of distention of the organ where it is found

10. Epithelial Tissues • According to Number of Layer of Cells • Simple – only one layer of cells directly attached to basement membrane • Stratified – more than one layer; the innermost layer is attached to the basement membrane • Pseudostratified – appears to have several layers; in reality, only one layer

11. Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal Simple Columnar

12. Stratified Squamous

13. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

14. Transitional

15. Components of Connective Tissue • Matrix – mucopolysaccharides, ground substance or “background” where other components are embedded • Fibers • Collagen – most resilient • Elastic – has the ability to be stretched and return to its original configuration • Reticular – fine, branched fibers; most delicate

16. Components of Connective Tissue • Cells • Fibroblast – produces fibers and matrix • Osteoblast, osteocyte, osteoclast –in bone • Chondroblast, chondrocyte – in cartilage • Adipocyte – in adipose tissue • Macrophage – phagocytic cell • Mast cell – produces chemical mediators as histamine for inflammation

17. Connective Tissue

18. Loose or Areolar Tissue

19. Dense Connective Tissue

20. Adipose

21. Hyaline Cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic Cartilage

22. Bone

23. Blood

24. Skeletal Muscle – striated, voluntary; multinucleated; peripheral nuclei; cylindrical cells Cardiac Muscle – striated, involuntary; uninucleated; central nuclei; cylindrical branched cells Smooth Muscle – nonstriated, involuntary; uninucleated; central nuclei; fusiform or spindle-shaped cells

25. Nervous Tissue

26. Reproductive Tissue Male Gamete = sperm Female Gamete = ovum

27. Organ Systems

28. Organ Systems in Plants: Root System (usually underground) Shoot System (usually above ground)

29. Integumentary System: • Functions mainly for protection • Other functions include thermoregulation, secretion, absorption, excretion • Derived structures from integument include scales, feathers, horns, claws, nails and hair

30. Types of Integument Amoeba – cell membrane Paramecium – pellicle Soft-bodied aquatic invertebrates or those which thrive in most environments – single-layer epidermis Worms, arthropods – cuticle; cuticle of arthropods have chitin In snails and other animals, the epidermis secretes an exoskeleton.

31. Section of Human Skin

32. Types: Hydroskeleton Exoskeleton Endoskeleton Function: Support Form Attachment of muscles Protection Skeletal System

33. EXOSKELETON

34. Human Skeletal System

36. Movement in Organisms Amoeboid movement- Amoeba; exhibited by some cells in complex organisms Contractile fibrils in cilia and flagella – ciliates and flagellates Smooth and striated muscles (in layers or separate muscles) – cnidarians, arthropods, worms, molluscs, vertebrates

37. Organization of Muscle in Vertebrates

38. Human Muscular System

39. Modes of Digestion • Single cell prokayotes/eukaryote – intracellular, by enzymatic action • Fungi (molds & mushrooms) – absorptive • Plants – rare via external acid • Animals – internal; complex combination of mechanical and chemical processes

40. Human Digestive System

41. Chemical Digestion Needed to convert macromolecules to simplest forms that can be absorbed • CHO to monosaccharides • CHON to amino acids • Fats to glycerol and fatty acids • Carried out by: • Salivary glands – amylase • Stomach – pepsin • Small intestine – pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chemotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, dissacharidases, dipeptidases,

42. Modes of Circulation: • Plants – xylem (transpiration  cohesion) phloem (active transport  osmosis) • Lower animal forms (open type) – blood or circulatory fluid directly bathes cells • Higher animal forms (closed type) – blood or circulating fluid stays inside blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries) • Requires a pumping organ, circulating fluid and the channels for the fluid

43. Human circulatory system

44. Pathway of blood thru the heart

46. Formed Elements in the Blood

48. Lymphatic System

49. Immunity • Non-specific Immune Mechanisms or Innate Immunity • Intact skin and mucous membranes as protective barrier • Chemical mediators: lysozymes, histamine, interferons • Phagocytic cells • Inflammation

50. Immunity • Specific or Adaptive Immunity – exhibits specificity and memory • Cell-mediated Immunity or Cytotoxic Immunity – T cells/T lymphocytes (Killer T cells) • Antibody-mediated or Humoral Immunity – B cells/B lymphocytes produce antibodies (Immuneglobulins)