Developmental Psychology

1. Developmental Psychology A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social changes throughout the lifespan.

2. What are maturation stages (of baby)? • What is a zygote, an embryo, a fetus? • What are Ainsworth’s attachment styles? • What are Diane Baumrind’s parenting styles? • Who is Piaget? • What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development? • Who is Erik Erikson? • What are Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development? • What are Kohlberg’s stages of moral development? • How do we study developmental psychology?

3. Prenatal Development • Conception begins with the drop of an egg and the release of about 200 million sperm. • The sperm seeks out the egg and attempts to penetrate the eggs surface.

4. Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have a fertilized egg called…….. The Zygote The first stage of prenatal development. Lasts about two weeks and consists of rapid cell division.

5. The Zygote Stage • Less than half of all zygotes survive first two weeks. • About 10 days after conception, the zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall. • The outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta (which filters nutrients).

6. After two weeks, the zygote develops into a Embryo

7. The Embryo Stage • Lasts about 6 weeks. • Heart begins to beat and the organs begin to develop. • The “baby” is more vulnerable to damage at this stage than any others. Don’t drink or do drugs!

8. By nine weeks we have something that looks unmistakably human… A Fetus

9. The Fetus Stage • By about the 6th month, the stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive outside of mother. • At this time the baby can hear (and recognize) sounds and respond to light.

10. Teratogensharmful agents to the prenatal environment

11. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking. • Severe cases symptoms include facial disproportions.

12. So what will a healthy newborn do? Reflexes • Rooting Reflex- a babies tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open mouth and search for a nipple. Turn towards human voices. Gaze longer at human face like images.

13. The _____ is the structure that allows nutrients to pass from the mom to the fetus. • A. zygote • B. amnion • C. uterus • D. placenta

14. The embryonic stage of prenatal development refers to the • A. formation of a zygote • B. implantation of the fertilized egg on the uterine wall • C. the 2nd through 8th weeks of prenatal development • D. the last 7 months of pregnacy

15. Maria is concerned about taking OTC allergy meds while pregnant. She should be most concerned if her pregnancy is at • A. placental stage • B. germinal stage • C. fetal stage • D. embryonic stage

16. The 3rd stage of prenatal development lasts from 2 months til the end is called • A. postgerminal stage • B. embryonic stage • C. fetal stage • D. postnatal stage

17. Maturation • Maturation is the physical development of a person. • First you roll over, then crawl, then walk, then run. • Some babies skip crawling but that can be bad for cognitive development.

18. Infancy and Childhood Social Development

19. Stranger Anxiety

20. Attachment • An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress in separation.

21. Factors of Attachment • Body Contact • Familiarity • Responsive Parenting

22. Body Contact • It was first assumed that infants became attached to those who satisfied their need for nourishment. Then this guy came along……..

23. Harry Harlow and his Discovered that monkeys preferred the soft body contact comfort of a cloth mother, over the nourishment of a hard/wirily mother.

24. Familiarity • Attachments based on familiarity are formed during our critical periods. .

25. In general, a critical period is a limited time in which an event can occur, usually to result in some kind of transformation. A "critical period" in developmental psychology is a time in the early stages of an organism's life during which it displays a heightened sensitivity to certain environmental stimuli, and develops in particular ways due to experiences at this time. If the organism does not receive the appropriate stimulus during this "critical period", it may be difficult, ultimately less successful, or even impossible, to develop some functions later in lifethe optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development

26. Konrad Lorenz • Konrad Lorenz studied how goslings (baby geese) will imprint themselves to a human if they get human exposure during a critical period

27. Same with dogs

28. Responsive Parenting Do parents play a part in your attachment? • Mary Ainsworth Stranger Paradigm • Van den Boom’s Research

29. Deprivation of Attachment • Often withdrawn, frightened and in extreme cases speechless. • Harlow’s monkeys would either cower in fright or act extremely aggressive. Many could not mate and if they could, the mothers were unresponsive parents. • Is there a connection between crime and lack of childhood attachment?

30. Daycare • High Quality daycare has shown no detrimental effects on children over the age of two. • The studies go both ways for children under the age of two- no clear answer yet.

31. Self - Concept • A sense of one’s identity and self-worth. When does self-awareness start?

32. Child Attachment Styles based on Ainsworth’s (1971) “The Strange Situation” studies

33. Mary Ainsworth studied children's’ attachment styles. She would place a mother and young child in a room. The independent variable was a “strange situation” like a stranger or have the mother leave the room. The dependent variable was how the child would react.

34. Ainsworth’s attachment styles • Mary Ainsworth would have a stranger enter the room. Children with a secure attachment would go to the mother for comfort when a stranger entered the room. The child would cry when the mother left but was happy when the mother returned. • Most common (66%)

35. Ainsworth’s attachment styles • Insecure-avoidant (20%) – not distressed at mother leaving or stranger arriving; cool response when mother returns • Probably caused by distant mothers

36. Ainsworth’s attachment styles • insecure- resistant (12%) – clingy to mother; traumatized by every stage of the experiment; distrustful of their mothers • Caused by over-bearing, controlling mothers

37. General Parenting Styles • Based on Diana Baumrind’s studies • They are: • Permissive • Authoritarian • Authoritative

38. Permissive Parents • Parents submit to their children’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment.

39. Authoritarian Parents • Impose rules and expect obedience. • “Why, because I said so!!!!” • What word that begins with A describes an authoritarian?

40. Authoritative Parents • Parents are both demanding and responsive. • Exert control by setting rules, but explain reasoning behind the rules. • Encourage open discussion.

41. Harlow’s experiment with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers emphasized the importance of a. Contact comfort b. Feeding c. Aesthetic needs d. Incentive theory

42. According to Diane Baumrind, which of the following parental styles results in the most socially competent and responsible adults? a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative c. Autocratic d. Permissive

43. The child was born with widely spaced eyes, a thin upper lip, and a short flat nose. Chances are that he will later suffer from mental retardation. To which teratogen was this child most likely exposed during the prenatal period? a. Tobacco b. German measles c. Heroin d. Alcohol

44. With respect to cognitive abilities, evolutionary theorists a. Suggest that infants attend more to novel events because these events require more time for perceptual processing b. Assert that abilities which are prewired will be less prone to habituation or dishabituation c. Strive to understand the adaptive significance of abilities that appear to be prewired d. Attempt to find out which abilities are prewired, without making any assumptions about why these abilities might be innate

45. During which stage of development do the heart, spine, and brain emerge? a. Post-natal b. Placental c. Fetal d. Embryonic

46. Adolescence The transition period from childhood to adulthood.

47. Is adolescence getting longer or shorter?

48. Physical Development • It all begins with puberty Puberty: the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

49. Secondary Sexual Characteristics • Nonreproductive sexual characteristics Deepening of male voice Female breasts Body hair JLo’s Hips

50. Primary Sexual Characteristics • The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible Testicles Ovaries Vagina Penis