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What is culture?

What is culture?. “a relatively organized set of meanings, shared by members of a group, which affect the way that people, objects & events are interpreted” (Glassman & Hadad , 2004) Surface Culture foods, eating habits, clothing, rituals, religion, communication patterns, & status behaviour

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What is culture?

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  1. What is culture? “a relatively organized set of meanings, shared by members of a group, which affect the way that people, objects & events are interpreted” (Glassman & Hadad, 2004) Surface Culture foods, eating habits, clothing, rituals, religion, communication patterns, & status behaviour Deep Culture related to beliefs, attitudes, & values which describe the way things are done

  2. Culture Lonner (1995) p. 124 culture can be defined as common rules that regulate interactions & behaviour in a group as well as a number of shared values & attitudes in the group Hofstede (2002) p. 124 described culture as “mental software”, cultural schemas that have been internalized so that they influence thinking, emotions, & behaviour

  3. Culture Matsumoto (2004) p. 125 culture is a dynamic system of rules, explicit & implicit, established by groups in order to ensure their survival, involving attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, & behaviours Use page 125 for a break down of Matsumoto’s definition of culture

  4. Etic & Emic:help us to understand the role of culture in human behaviour in a diverse, multicultural world (p. 124) Etic • look for rules & behaviours that are universal among cultures • Etic studies typically use cross-cultural studies where behaviour is compared across cultures Emic • Looks at behaviours that are culturally specific • Truth may be relative depending on where one was raised • Helps us understand other cultural behaviours

  5. Cultural Dimensions of Behaviour Perspectives of a culture based on values & cultural norms cultural norms: behaviour patterns that are typical of specific groups; passed on by gatekeepers through SLT Hofstede states that understanding of cultural dimensions will help facilitate communication between cultures

  6. Cultural Dimensions Uncertainty v avoidance Deals with a societies tolerance for ambiguity & uncertainty Comfort levels in unstructured situations Use laws to limit the uncertainty of life Philosophical & religious level it is determined by absolute truth Confucian Work Dynamism Focuses of virtue rather than truth Value persistence, loyalty, & trustworthiness Relationships are based in status There is a need to protect the collective identity & respect tradition

  7. Individualism v collectivism See the Handout

  8. Edward Hall’s Proxemic Theory See back of handout

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