Clear, Hold, and Build

1. Clear, Hold, and Build

2. Historical References on Consolidation Ops and IDAD* FM 33-5 Psychological Operations Techniques and Procedures 1966 FM 31-16 Counterguerrilla Operations 1967 FM 31-73 Advisor Handbook for Stability Operations 1967 FM 33-1 Psychological Operations 1968 FMFM 8-2 Counterinsurgency Operations (USMC) 1980 FM 90-8 Counterguerrilla Operations 1986 FM 100-20 Low Intensity Conflict 1990 FM 7-98 Operations in a Low-Intensity Conflict 1992 FM 31-20-3 Foreign Internal Defense 1994 JP 3-57 Joint Doctrine for Civil-Military Operations 2001 FM 3-07 Support and Stability Operations 2003 ST 3-05.206 Counter Urban Insurgency Planning Guide 2003 Counterinsurgency Operations: Southern and Western 2007 Afghanistan Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures * IDAD in many but not all references

3. Offense Offense Offense Defense Defense Defense Stability Stability Stability US Civil-Military Capacity Insurgent Capacity Force and Capacity by Phases Root Cause grievances identified Immediate problems addressed Underlying Issues resolved TRANSITION TRANSITION US/CF Advisors HNSF Capacity HN Gov’t Capacity Insurgent Perspective Phase III/II Phase I Phase I (Guerrilla/War of Movement) (Latent / Insipient) (Latent / Insipient) COIN Perspective Clear Stage Hold Stage Build Stage (Offense) (Defense) (Stability) People’s Perspective Hostile (Red) Neutral (Amber) Positive (Green) Addressing Root Causes (Limited) (Immediate Problems) (Underlying Issues)

4. Offense Offense Offense Defense Defense Defense Stability Stability Stability Operations

5. Operations Civil Defense Forces HN Police Advisors Security Forces US/HN Military People (Root Causes) Underlying Issues Problems Transition Criteria Transition Criteria Underground Auxiliary Insurgents Guerrillas Local Government Reforms and Reconstruction Rule of Law Essential Services Offense Offense Offense Defense Defense Defense Stability Stability Stability

6. Offense Defense Stability CLEAR (Offense) Civil Defense Forces HN Police Advisors Security Forces US/HN Military People (Root Causes) Underlying Issues Problems Transition Criteria Transition Criteria Underground Auxiliary Insurgents Guerrillas Local Government Reforms and Reconstruction Rule of Law Essential Services

7. CLEAR HOLD (Offense) (Defense) Civil Defense Forces HN Police Advisors Security Forces US/HN Military People (Root Causes) Underlying Issues Problems Transition Criteria Transition Criteria Underground Auxiliary Insurgents Guerrillas Local Government Reforms and Reconstruction Rule of Law Essential Services Offense Defense Stability

8. CLEAR HOLD BUILD (Offense) (Defense) (Stability) Civil Defense Forces HN Police Advisors Security Forces US/HN Military People (Root Causes) Underlying Issues Problems Transition Criteria Transition Criteria Underground Auxiliary Insurgents Guerrillas Local Government Reforms and Reconstruction Rule of Law Essential Services Offense Defense Stability

9. CLEAR HOLD BUILD (Offense) (Defense) (Stability) Civil Defense Forces HN Police Advisors Security Forces US/HN Military People (Root Causes) Underlying Issues Problems Underground Auxiliary Insurgents Guerrillas Local Government Reforms and Reconstruction Rule of Law Essential Services Transition Criteria Transition Criteria

10. Objective Clear, Hold, and Build is a civil-military action combining U.S. and HN military/police, community leaders, and local HN government in support of the host nation’s Internal Defense and Development (IDAD) program. Conduct Internal Defense Establish Internal Development

11. Operations Raids Ambush Reconnaissance Presence patrol Traffic Control Points Cordon and Search Cordon and Knock PsyOps Humanitarian Civic Action (MedEx) Stability

12. Why clear, hold, build? - Separate insurgents from population - Conditions for economic, political, and social reforms - Safeguards the population and infrastructure - HN security forces to improve/take the lead - HN police and local government maintain rule of law - Addresses the root causes of the insurgency - Repatriates and resettles IDPs and refugees - Uses local workers and materials to rebuild and reform - Deny the enemy active and passive support - Gains the support of the populace

13. 5 x Stages of Clear, Hold, Build (1) Preparation stage (2) Clear stage(Offensive operations) (3) Hold stage(Defensive operations) (4) Build stage(Stability operations) (5) Completion and Transition stage

14. Preparation Stage Planning, training, organizing, and equipping between civil and military forces Typical activities during the preparation stage include Assessment of the situation Conduct overall planning Assign responsibilities to civil and military elements Conduct joint-combined training and rehearsals Begin Information Engagement (IE) operations Establish way-stations for basic services to civilians being displaced

15. Site Selection Matrix Perspective

16. Clear Priority

17. Hold Priority

18. Build Priority

19. Enemy

20. Forecast Hold • Insurgency:Phase I but may attempt to counterattack/infiltrate area Forecast Foco: Attack contractors, reconstruction teams, mortar/rocket, local patrols, support/logistic units to make the counterinsurgents loose legitimacy. Urban Terrorist: Attack patrols and police traffic control points to get them to overreact against the people. Protracted :Ago after infrastructure, start riots, IO, with underground Subversive: Infiltrate and conduct assassination of those impeding their infiltration, attempt to present political wing or cease fire, stir up sectarian violence, drive a wedge between aspects of the population, aggravate cycles of violence with underground

21. Forecast Hold • Insurgency:Phase I but may attempt to counterattack/infiltrate area Forecast • Guerrillas • - Remain in hiding • - Conduct sabotage and terrorism to intimidate • - Mass to conduct an counterattack • - Conduct attacks outside the cleared area

22. Forecast Hold • Insurgency:Phase I but may attempt to counterattack/infiltrate area Forecast • Auxiliary • - Transition to support underground activities • - HUMINT • - Recruiting • - Counterintelligence • - Populace and Resource Control to intimidate those cooperating with COIN forces • - Information Operations/Propaganda

23. Forecast Hold • Insurgency:Phase I but may attempt to counterattack/infiltrate area Forecast Underground - Strike military logistics units and LOCs - Sabotage Structures with economic, political, cultural, social significance - Spark sectarian violence - Conduct sniper operations (random terrorism) - Tactical assassination (participating civilians and families) Leadership - Information Operations/Propaganda - Infiltrate HN government

24. Forecast Build • Insurgency:Phase I but may attempt to counterattack/infiltrate area Forecast Subversive Strategy:Insurgent will infiltrate and conduct assassination of those impeding their infiltration of the government and bribe elected officials in an attempt to infiltrate or gather intelligence. They will attempt to legitimize themselves by presenting a political wing or call for a cease fire. They will stir up sectarian violence, attempt to drive a wedge between aspects of the population, and aggravate cycles of violence with their underground. Foco Strategy:Insurgent will attack contractors, government employees, local media deemed friendly to the government or foreign media, and local civilian defense forces. In this strategy the insurgent will not be able to sustain prolonged or effective subversive activity. They will focus on delegitimizing the government by hitting soft targets with sniper, explosives, or in their homes. Insurgents may focus on hit-and-run ambushes against convoys outside the cleared area. Their goal is still to make the counterinsurgents loose legitimacy. Urban Terrorist Strategy:Unlike those in the Foco strategy, insurgents in the Urban Terrorist Strategy have a better chance due to their use of better secrecy of decentralized cells and ability to operate in populated areas to conduct sabotage, subversion, assassination, and sniper operation against members of the government and police and civil defense forces to get the less professional members of the security forces to overreact against the people. Protracted :Insurgents typically have a superior ability to conduct covert operations with their underground. Generally their actions are more subtle - using propaganda to spreads lies and discontent among the different aspects of the population and between the government and people. They may have the ability to conduct sabotage and assassination. They will blame the action on the US or the HN government and security force to enrage the people, and demonstrate the government is ineffective. Insurgents in this advanced strategy have the discipline and patience to attack and sabotage infrastructure which generally only yields results over a longer period. Guerrillas will utilize diversionary attacks in other areas to attempt draw out the security forces (trading Space for Time - drawing out the armed forces and then attacking the cleared area to delegitimize the government trading Time for Will).

25. Forecast Build Guerrillas: Will conduct a counterattack if security forces are drawn out of cleared area by insurgent diversionary attacks. Auxiliary: Attempt to gather intelligence and spread disinformation among the people. Auxiliary member’s effort reduced due to lack of active and passive support of the people and their concerns of being turned into civilian authorities. Underground: Their activities will be largely defensive. They include: - Conduct passive intelligence collection and HUMINT - Counterintelligence - Disinformation - Caches of high value equipment (AA weapons) - Safeguard safe houses - Protect sensitive information and high value equipment - Eliminate witnesses to their activities

26. Information Operations / Engagement

27. Information Engagement Stage I – Preparation

28. Information Engagement Stage II – Clear

29. Information Engagement Stage III – Hold

30. Information Engagement Stage IV – Build

31. Information Engagement Stage V – Completion