History of Latin & English (Take notes! There’s space in your libellus)

1. History of Latin & English(Take notes! There’s space in your libellus) I. Historical linguistics A. What is it?

2. History of Latin & English(there’s a place to take notes in your libellus) I. Historical linguistics A. What is it? Study of how languages change over time B. Early attempts

3. I. Historical linguistics A. What is it? Study of how languages change over time B. Early attempts 1. “Folk etymology” What is etymology?

4. I. Historical linguistics A. What is it? Study of how languages change over time B. Early attempts 1. “Folk etymology” What is etymology? Greek “etymon” = word “-logy” used in making new words from Latin and Greek to mean “study of”

5. I. Historical linguistics A. What is it? Study of how languages change over time B. Early attempts 1. “Folk etymology” What is etymology? Greek “etymon” = word “-logy” used in making new words from Latin and Greek to mean “study of” Roman folk etymology usually wrong example: they said “noctem” ...

6. I. Historical linguistics A. What is it? Study of how languages change over time B. Early attempts 1. “Folk etymology” What is etymology? Greek “etymon” = word “-logy” used in making new words from Latin and Greek to mean “study of” Roman folk etymology usually wrong example: they said “noctem” (night) came from “nocē” (to harm)(like innocent, noxious)

7. I. Historical linguistics A. What is it? Study of how languages change over time B. Early attempts 1. “Folk etymology” What is etymology? Roman folk etymology usually wrong example: they said “noctem” (night) came from “nocē” (to harm)(like innocent, noxious) because breezes at night caused illness

8. I. Historical linguistics B. Early attempts 1. “Folk etymology” What is etymology? Roman folk etymology usually wrong example: they said “noctem” (night) came from “nocē” (to harm)(like innocent, noxious) because breezes at night caused illness 2. modern comparative method usesevidence based on. . .

9. I. Historical linguistics B. Early attempts 2. modern comparative method usesevidence based on documents, inscriptions, and comparisons between languages (some examples soon. . . )

10. C. Where did all the world’s languages come from? (an old question) Why do words in some languages look alike? 1. different answers in various cultures. A story in the Bible . . .

11. C. Where did all the world’s languages come from? (an old question) Why do words in some languages look alike? 1. The Tower of Babel

12. C. Where did all the world’s languages come from? (an old question) Why do words in some languages look alike? 1. The Tower of Babel 2. Middle Ages /Renaissance ... was Hebrew the origin of all other languages?

13. C. Where did all the world’s languages come from? (an old question) Why do words in some languages look alike? 1. The Tower of Babel 2. Middle Ages /Renaissance ... was Hebrew the origin of all other languages?

14. C. Where did all the world’s languages come from? (an old question) Why do words in some languages look alike? 1. The Tower of Babel 2. Middle Ages /Renaissance ... was Hebrew the origin of all other languages? 3. modern linguistic answer: Most modern European and Indian languages come from a language we call Indo-European

15. Comparison of a few words in various Indo-European languages Sanskrit Greek Latin Gothic English pita pater pater fadar father padam poda pedem fotu foot bhratar phrater frater brothar brother bharami phero fero baira bear jivah wiwos qius quick ('living') virah wir wair were(wolf) ('man') tris tres thri three deka decem taihun ten he-katon centum hund(rath) hundred Gothic is an extinct Germanic language – the homeland of the Goths was probably an area now in southern Sweden

17. Regions where Indo-European languages are spoken (note that in many countries more than one language is spoken, not all Indo-European)

18. Evolution of the alphabet http://edsitement.neh.gov/alphabet-historic-evolving-alphabet

19. II. History of Latin A. Historical periods 1. Old Latin 700 BCE – 200 BCE

20. II. History of Latin A. Historical periods 1. Old Latin 700 BCE – 200 BCE 2. Classical Latin 200 BCE – 200 CE (time when most famous literature & history was written – authors like Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Ovid)

21. II. History of Latin A. Historical periods 1. Old Latin 700 BCE – 200 BCE 2. Classical Latin 200 BCE – 200 CE (time when most famous literature & history was written – authors like Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Ovid) 3. Late Latin 200 CE– 600 CE (after fall of Roman Empire; language changing in provinces)

22. II. History of Latin A. Historical periods 1. Old Latin 700 BCE – 200 BCE 2. Classical Latin 200 BCE – 200 CE (time when most famous literature & history was written – authors like Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Ovid) 3. Late Latin 200 CE– 600 CE (after fall of Roman Empire; language changing in provinces) 4. Medieval Latin

23. II. History of Latin A. Historical periods 1. Old Latin 700 BCE – 200 BCE 2. Classical Latin 200 BCE – 200 CE (time when most famous literature & history was written – authors like Cicero, Julius Caesar, Virgil, Ovid) 3. Late Latin 200 CE– 600 CE (after fall of Roman Empire; language changing in provinces) 4. Medieval Latin 600-1300 CE (Latin learned in school; used and spread by the Church)

25. II. History of Latin A. Historical periods 3. Late Latin 200 CE– 600 CE (after fall of Roman Empire; language changing in provinces) 4. Medieval Latin 600-1300 CE 5. Renaissance / Humanistic Latin 1300-1500CE (Latin learned in school; used as a common language by educated people esp. for writing)

27. II. History of Latin A. Historical periods 4. Medieval Latin 600-1300 CE 5. Renaissance / Humanistic Latin 1300-1500CE (Latin learned in school; used as a common language by educated people especially for writing) 6. Neo-Latin 1500 CE to present (Latin learned in school as part of one’s general education, mostly to read authors who wrote in Latin; also written and spoken by some scholars)

28. II. History of Latin 6. Neo-Latin 1500 CE to present (Latin learned in school as part of one’s general education, mostly to read authors who wrote in Latin; also written and spoken by some scholars) B. After breakup of Roman Empire 1. Romance languages developed out of Latin (lack of communication) What are some Romance languages?

29. II. History of Latin 6. Neo-Latin 1500 CE to present (Latin learned in school as part of one’s general education, mostly to read authors who wrote in Latin; also written and spoken by some scholars) B. After breakup of Roman Empire 1. Romance languages developed out of Latin (lack of communication) What are some Romance languages? Spanish, French, Italian, also Romanian, Provencal, Catalan

30. II. History of Latin B. After breakup of Roman Empire 1. Romance languages developed out of Latin (lack of communication) What are some Romance languages? Spanish, French, Italian, also Romanian, Provencal, Catalan 2. Dark Ages to Middle Ages Latin was not learned by babies from their families; was learned in school since it was the common language of educated people throughout Europe. (used in universities, scientific, religious, and other academic writing)

31. II. History of Latin 2. Dark Ages to Middle Ages a. Latin was not learned by babies from their families; b. was learned in school since it was the common language of educated people throughout Europe. (used in universities, scientific, religious, and other academic writing) 3. Renaissance: Dante wrote first serious literary work not in Latin (Divine Comedy) though he also wrote in Latin. (Before then, all serious literary works were written in Latin; Romance languages were not considered appropriate for serious writing)

32. II. History of Latin 3. Renaissance: Dante wrote first serious literary work not in Latin (Divine Comedy) though he also wrote in Latin. (Before then, all serious literary works were written in Latin; Romance languages were not considered appropriate for serious writing) Humanists: scholars still wrote in Latin; 4. Nationalism (Renaissance and later) People wanted to use their national languages; upsurge in national pride; less writing in Latin though still used in universities and the Church.

33. II. History of Latin 4. Nationalism (Renaissance and later) People wanted to use their national languages; upsurge in national pride; less writing in Latin though still used in universities and the Church. 5. Later (Modern) Latin a. Latin used in universities to the 1800’s b. studied today to read ancient writings, learn about the ancient world

34. III. History of English A. 43 CE-410 CE Roman occupation of Britain 1. Native language was Celtic 2. Only a few Latin words came into the language

35. III. History of English A. 43 CE-410 CE Roman occupation of Britain 1. Native language was Celtic 2. Only a few Latin words came into the language B. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) period 450- 1150 CE 1. 450-550 CE Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain from Germany, began to settle there. Their language was a Germanic language.

36. III. History of English A. 43 CE-410 CE Roman occupation of Britain 1. Native language was Celtic 2. Only a few Latin words came into the language B. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) period 450- 1150 CE 1. 450-550 CE Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain from Germany, began to settle there. Their language was a Germanic language. 2. Most famous piece of writing in Old English?

37. III. History of English A. 43 CE-410 CE Roman occupation of Britain 1. Native language was Celtic 2. Only a few Latin words came into the language B. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) period 450- 1150 CE 1. 450-550 CE Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain from Germany, began to settle there. Their language was a Germanic language. 2. Beowulf (see next slide)

38. Beowulf recitation

39. The Lord's Prayer Old English (c. 450-1100) This version of the Lord's Prayer probably isn't recognizable by the majority of modern English speakers. 1000 AD is before the Norman invasion of England and therefore many of the words in Modern English that were taken from French are not yet present in the Language. Line Original Translation [1] Fæderureþuþeeart on heofonum, Father ours, thou that art in heaven, [2] Si þinnamagehalgod. Be thy name hallowed. [3] To becumeþin rice, Come thy rich (kingdom), [4] gewurþeðinwilla, on eorðanswaswa on heofonum. Worth (manifest) thy will, on earth also as in heaven. [5] Urnegedæghwamlicanhlafsyle us todæg, Our daily loaf sell (give) us today, [6] and forgyf us uregyltas, swaswa we forgyfaðurumgyltendum. and forgive us our guilts as also we forgive our guilty (lit. guiltants). [7] And ne gelædþu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfele. And lead thou us not in temptation, but loose (release) us of evil. [8] Soþlice. Soothly.

40. III. History of English B. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) period 450- 1150 CE 1. 450-550 CE Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain from Germany, began to settle there. Their language was a Germanic language. 2. Most famous work: Beowulf 3. 700’s CE – some written records What period is Latin in at this point?

41. III. History of English B. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) period 450- 1150 CE 1. 450-550 CE Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain from Germany, began to settle there. Their language was a Germanic language. 2. 700’s CE – some written records (Latin is in the Late Latin period) 3. 900’s CE – good written record of English (church, legal, political/government records; translations of lives of saints and other religious works) English had a good written record a couple of centuries before much of the rest of Europe.

42. III. History of English B. Anglo-Saxon (Old English) period 450- 1150 CE 3. 900’s CE – good written record of English (church, legal, political/government records; translations of lives of saints and other religious works) English had a good written record a couple of centuries before much of the rest of Europe. (because of that we have fossilized spellings like “knight” and “through”)

43. III. History of English C. Middle English 1150-1500 AD/CE 1. What famous battle? What year?

44. III. History of English B. Middle English 1150-1500 AD/CE 1. Battle of Hastings – William the Conqueror and the Norman French – 1066 AD/CE 2. Normans were lords in England for about two centuries; eventually they assimilated into the English people but many French words were borrowed into English. 3. Most famous author in Middle English period?

45. III. History of English C. Middle English 1150-1500 AD/CE 1. Battle of Hastings – William the Conqueror and the Norman French – 1066 AD/CE 2. Normans were lords in England for about two centuries; eventually they assimilated into the English people but many French words were borrowed into English. 3. Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales

46. III. History of English 3. Geoffrey Chaucer – The Canterbury Tales

47. III. History of English 4. French vocabulary in English Triplets: Anglo-Saxon Latin through Latin Norman French swine pork porcine ox, cow beef bovine chicken poultry kingly royal regal friendly amiable amicable

48. III. History of English 4. French vocabulary in English Latin-through-French words that replaced English words entirely: Anglo-Saxon Latin-through-French Latin earth-tilth agriculture (agricultura) unhope despair (desperare) unwisdom ignorance (ignorantia) aethel noble (nobilis) (name: Ethel)

49. III. History of English D. Modern English 1. 1500 CE to present

50. III. History of English C. Modern English 1. 1500 CE to present 2. Shakespeare: yes, he wrote in Modern English!