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Charpter 7 lipid metabolism

Charpter 7 lipid metabolism. Section 1 Lipids and biomembrane. 一、 lipid. Lipids are substances that are insoluble or immiscible in water, but soluble in organic solvents. Fats. (Triglyceride or triacylglycerole). To store and supply energy. Lipids. Phospholipids.

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Charpter 7 lipid metabolism

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  1. Charpter 7 lipid metabolism

  2. Section 1 Lipids and biomembrane

  3. 一、lipid • Lipids are substances that are insoluble or immiscible in water, but soluble in organic solvents.

  4. Fats (Triglyceride or triacylglycerole) To store and supply energy Lipids Phospholipids To be important membrane components Glycolipids Lipoids Cholesterol Cholesterol ester

  5. COR1 COR2 COR3 (一)、脂肪(Triglyceride) 1分子甘油和3分子脂肪酸结合而成的酯。

  6. saturated:软脂酸(16C)、硬脂酸(18C)。 含1个双键(油酸) 脂肪酸 含2个双键(亚油酸) Unsaturated 含3个双键(亚麻酸) 含4个双键(花生四烯酸)

  7. CH2OCOR1 R2OCOCH CH2—O— O- P—O O (二)甘油磷酸酯类 非极性尾 非极性尾 H H X 极性头 第三个羟基被磷酸酯化,其他两个羟基被脂肪酸酯化,

  8. 磷脂酰胆碱 磷脂酸 磷脂酰乙醇胺 磷脂酰肌醇 磷脂酰丝氨酸 磷脂酰甘油

  9. 磷脂在水相中自发形成脂质双分子层。

  10. (三)鞘脂类 ——由1分子脂肪酸,1分子鞘氨醇或其衍生物,以及1分子极性头基团组成。 鞘磷脂类 鞘脂类 脑苷脂类(糖鞘脂) 神经节苷脂类

  11. (四)固醇(甾醇)类 固醇类都是环戊烷多氢菲的衍生物。不含脂肪酸。

  12. 二、biomembrane ——电镜下表现出大体相同的形态、厚度6~9nm左右的3片层结构。 膜的化学组成 1.膜脂:主要是磷脂、固醇和鞘脂。 2.膜蛋白 3.膜糖类

  13. 生物膜是以磷脂、胆固醇和糖脂为主构成的双层脂膜生物膜是以磷脂、胆固醇和糖脂为主构成的双层脂膜

  14. 膜蛋白

  15. Membrane structure • 双层脂分子构成(E. Gorter, F.Grendel, 1925) • 三明治式结构模型(H.Davson, J.F.Danielli, 1935) • 单位膜模型(J.D.Robertson, 1959) • 流动镶嵌模型(S.J.Singer, G.Nicolson, 1972)

  16. 膜的流动镶嵌模型结构要点 1.膜结构的连续主体是极性的脂质双分子层。 2.脂质双分子层具有流动性(取决于膜磷脂分子中不饱和脂肪酸的百分比,百分比越高,膜的流动性越大)。 3.内嵌蛋白“溶解”于脂质双分子层的中心疏水部分。 4.外周蛋白与脂质双分子层的极性头部连接。 5.双分子层中的脂质分子之间或蛋白质组分与脂质之间无共价结合。 6.膜蛋白可作横向运动。

  17. 膜的功能 1.物质传递作用。 2.保护作用。 3.信息传递作用。 4.细胞识别作用。 5.能量转换作用(线粒体内膜和叶绿体类囊体膜)。 6.蛋白质合成与运输(糙面内质网膜)。 7.内部运输(高尔基体膜)。 8.核质分开(核膜)。

  18. Section 2 lipid metabolism

  19. Lipid enzymaticdegradation • catabolism • anabolism

  20. 磷脂酶A1 磷脂酶B 磷脂酶D 磷脂酶A2 磷脂酶C §1 enzymatic degradation • 提问:脂类水解的产物是什么? • 答案:脂肪酸、醇(甘油、鞘氨醇、固醇、脂肪醇、氨基醇)、磷酸等。 • 提问:影响水解的因素有哪些呢? ——酶的种类 ——溶解度

  21. 脂肪的酶促水解

  22. 第二节 脂肪的分解代谢 • 当饥饿、禁食时,血液中激素(肾上腺素、胰高糖素)浓度升高,激活脂肪细胞内脂肪水解酶,脂肪水解。 • 产物(甘油、脂肪酸)被蛋白质载运通过在血液运输。

  23. --脱氢酶 磷酸二羟丙酮 ? 。 §2 triglycerol catabolism 一、glycerol oxidation 糖代谢 甘油激酶 3-磷酸甘油(α-磷酸甘油) • 活化(磷酸化)→脱氢→进入糖代谢彻底氧化或异生为葡萄糖。 • 目前发现只有肝脏细胞具有甘油激酶,这意味着什么 • 甘油只能在肝脏中氧化。脂肪组织己骨骼肌等因甘油激酶活性很低,故不能很好地利用甘油

  24. CH3-(CH2)n -CH2 -CH2 -COOH    二、fatty acid catabolism β-氧化作用 α-氧化作用 ω-氧化作用 不饱和及奇数碳链脂肪酸的氧化 五、酮体的代谢

  25. (一)β-oxidation 1、β-氧化作用的概念及试验证据 2、氧化过程 (1) 脂肪酸的活化和转运 (2) β-氧化的生化过程 (3) β-氧化过程中能量的释放及转换效率

  26. 奇数碳原子: -CH2-(CH2)2n+1-COOH -CH2-(CH2)2n-COOH -COOH(苯甲酸) 偶数碳原子: -CH2COOH(苯乙酸) β-氧化作用的概念及试验证据  概 念 脂肪酸在体内氧化时在羧基端的β-碳原子上进行氧化,碳链逐次断裂,每次断下一个二碳单位,既乙酰CoA,该过程称作β-氧化。 试验证据 1904年F.Knoop根据用苯环标记脂肪酸饲喂狗的实验结果,推导出了β-氧化学说。

  27. Stage 1 Activation of FAs • Acyl-CoA Synthetase (Thiokinase), which locates on the cytoplasm, catalyzes the activation of long chain fatty acids.

  28. Key points of FA activation 1. Irreversible 2. Consume 2 ~P 3. Site: cytosol

  29. Stage 2Transport of acyl CoA into the mitochondria ( rate-limiting step) • Carrier:carnitine

  30. Rate-limiting enzyme • carnitine acyltransferase Ⅰ

  31. Stage 3: β-oxidation of FAs β-oxidation means β-C reaction. Four steps in one round step 1:Dehydrogenate step 2:Hydration step 3:Dehydrogenate step 4:Thiolytic cleavage

  32. Step 1. Dehydrogenate

  33. Step 2. Hydration

  34. Step 3. Dehydrogenate

  35. Step 4. Thiolytic cleavage

  36. β- oxidation of fatty acids

  37. The β-oxidation pathway is cyclic

  38. Summary one cycle of the β-oxidation: fatty acyl-CoA + FAD + NAD+ + HS-CoA→fatty acyl-CoA (2 C less) + FADH2 + NADH + H+ + acetyl-CoA

  39. The product of the β-oxidation is in the form of FADH2, NADH, acetyl CoA, only after Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, can ATP be produced.

  40. Energy yield from one molecule of palmitic acid The net ATP production: 131-2 = 129

  41. § 2.1.3 Other Oxidations of Fatty acids 1. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids 2. Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation 3. Oxidation of propionyl-CoA

  42. 1. Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acid • Mitochondria • Isomerase: cis→ trans • Epimerase: D (-) →L (+)

  43. 2. Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation Very long chain fatty acids FAD Acyl-CoA oxidase shorter chain fatty acids β-oxidation

  44. 3. Oxidation of propionyl-CoA丙酰辅酶A propionyl-CoA Carboxylase (biotin) Epimerase Mutase (VB12) succinyl-CoA

  45. § 2.1.4 Ketone Bodies Formation and Utilization • Ketone bodies arewater-soluble fuels normally exported by the liver but overproduced during fasting or in untreated diabetes mellitus, including acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone.

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