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Unification of Italy and Germany- 1850-1871

Dr. Sujata Menon. Unification of Italy and Germany- 1850-1871. Growth of Nationalism in Europe. Nation –State? Language, Culture, Religion, History, and Territory = Nationality Nationalists?

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Unification of Italy and Germany- 1850-1871

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  1. Dr. Sujata Menon Unification of Italy and Germany- 1850-1871

  2. Growth of Nationalism in Europe Nation –State? Language, Culture, Religion, History, and Territory = Nationality Nationalists? People who believe that people of a single “nationality” should unite under a single government Goal of Nationalists? To create their own nation States. Factors: • French Revolution and Congress Vienna • Suppression of Liberalism under Metternich System • Revolution of 1830 • Revolution of 1848 Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  3. Italy before unification • Italy after the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in 5th c., remained under foreign rules. • In the 19th c. Italy was a divided country. • Rise of Nationalistic sentiments - Napoleon destroyed the old structures of feudality in Italy, and promoted republican governments against monarchies mainly the ruling houses of Bourbons and the Habsburgs Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  4. Italy – ‘A Geographic Expression’? •   Metternich, at the Congress of Vienna, stated that the word Italy was nothing more than "a geographic expression" Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  5. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany Vienna Settlement of 1815 redrew the boundaries of Italy : • Northern Italy – Lombardy and Venetia under Austria • Duchies of Parma, Modena, Tuscany under Habsburg( Austria’s ruling house) • Central Italy - Rome and other territories under Pope also known as Papal State • Southern Italy - Kingdom of two Scillies with Naples as capital under Spanish Bourbon Monarchy • Kingdom of Sardinia - controlled Piedmont, Genoa, Nice and Savoy ( Nice and Savoy were under French control) under Italian ruler • French control- Nice and Savoy were under French control

  6. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  7. Reasons for unification Despotic Austrian Rule – North eastern part of Italy was under was under the Austrian Empire and the its royal family the Habsburgs . Domination of the Papal States – Central part was Pope’s territory Tyrannical Spanish rule in two Scillies – Southern part was under Spanish Bourbon rule • . Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  8. Unification of Italy or Risorgimento – 1815-1861 • Italian unification is known as Risorgimento  or the Resurgence meaning Rebirth. • It was the political and social movement that united the  Italian peninsula into a single nation-state as the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 and 1870. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  9. The First Revolutionary Organization- Carbonaria • The Carbonaria  was a  secret society founded in early 19th-century southern  Italy. Unification movement spearheaded by Carnonaria • Its members were called Carbonari or Charcoal Burners • They were inspired by the French Revolution and hated Vienna Settlement • Their goals was liberation from foreign rule – Austria and Spanish Bourbons  and constitutional government Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  10. Revolutionary activities by Carbonaries – 1820-1830 Uprising in Sicily- In 1820, Carbonaries carried insurrection in two Scillies for constitutional government. Piedmont insurrection – In 1821, Piedmont(capital of Sardenia) witnessed uprising against the Austrian rule and for unification of Italy. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  11. 1830 Revolution or July Revolution • July Revolution in France, 1830- This is considered as the second revolution after 1789 French Revolution. • In this revolution, the revolutionaries forced king to abdicate and created the  constitutional monarchy known as July Monarchy  under the new French king, Louis-Philippe. • The July revolution created a wave of revolution and uprisings in Europe. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  12. Uprising in Italy, 1830 • Uprising in Modena - with the support from  Duke of Modena,  Carbonaries tried to create uprisings. However, the Duke abandoned  Carbonari s and uprisings in Modena faded. • Uprising in Papal state -   The revolutionaries adopted the tricolore in favour of the Papal flag, installed local governments and proclaimed the creation of a united Italian nation. • By 1831, the Austrian army crushed these uprisings. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  13. Italian Leaders • Radical Leaders -  Giuseppe Mazzini, the Heart and Giuseppe Garibaldi, the Sword of Revolution. • Conservative leaders - Count Cavour , the Brain of Italy Unification, Prime Minister of Piedmont and Victor • Emmanuel II, the King of Sardinia and later the first king of a united Italy.  Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  14. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  15. Giuseppe Mazziniand Young Italy • Born in Genoa in 1805, Giuseppe Mazzini, was an Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy. • He joined Carbonaries and participated in their secret activities. • Mazzini propagated the idea of unified Italy with republican government and Rome as its capital. • Mazzini organized a new political society called La Giovine Italia  or Young Italy. • He strengthened this society by setting up branches all over Italy. ‘’God, the People and Italy’’ were the watchwords of this organization Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  16. 1848 Revolution or Spring of Nations • The Revolution of 1848 - known as the Spring of Nations  or February Revolution in France , was a series of uprisings and revolts witnessed throughout Europe and parts of Latin America with the objective of removal of Feudal structure and creation of independent nation states. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  17. Widespread Protests in Italy in 1848 • In Sicily , revolutionaries proclaimed Sicily as independent state. King Ferdinand II fled. • In Lombardy, people forced Austrian troops to withdraw . • In Tuscany the Duke granted constitution. • In Rome a violent uprising forced the Pope to go into exile in 1848. Mazzini proclaimed Republic in Rome . • In Piedmont, King Charles Albert granted liberal constitution. • By 1848 , three states of Italy had constitutions  and Sicily as a separate state. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  18. First Italian Independence War – 1848-49 by Sardinia • King Charles Albert (1831 to 1849 )aspired to unite Italy under his leadership. He declared war on Austria. He was supported by rulers of other states of Italy. • The attack by Sardinia led to The First Italian War of Independence fought in 1848 and 1849 between the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Austrian Empire. • Meanwhile all the allies withdrew. • Lacking allies, Charles Albert was defeated at the Battle of Custoza (July 24, 1848 ) and at  Novara  (23 March 1849) • Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II, and the unification process ended in Sardinia. • Austria remained dominant in a divided Italy and the Revolution was lost. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  19. Camillodi Cavour-1810 – 1861 During the first war of independence , the ruler of Piedmont granted liberal constitution. According to the constitution , elections to the Assembly were held. Count Cavour got elected and made his mark as a farsighted politician and statesman. Piedmont and Sardinia progressed under Cavour. • The next war of Italian Independence was carried under the shrewd diplomacy and farsightedness of Count Cavour- the Prime Minister of Sardinia. • Born in Turin in 1810 to an aristocratic family , Cavour was the founder of the original Liberal Party and Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. • In 1847 he founded a journal Risorgimento ( Rebirth) to awaken the Italians on the struggle for unity, independence and constitutional reforms. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  20. Sardinia under Cavour • Cavour introduced several reforms like railways, roads and organized army on modern line. • He popularised the prosperous conditions prevailing in Sardinia and try to drew the attention of Powers. • Cavour began to look for an ally for Sardinia in next war.  • Cavour got opportunity in Crimean war Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  21. The Crimean War and Sardinia • The Crimean War  or the Eastern War of 1853–1856 was a conflict between  Russia and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. • In 1856, the Sardinians sent troops to fight in the Crimea on the side of the British and French because the Sardinians knew they could not defeat the Austrian Empire without help. • In the peace conference at Paris following the Crimean War, Cavour attempted to bring attention to efforts for Italian unification. • France as an Ally- The Sardinian Prime Minister, Conte de Cavour found an ally in Napoleon III , the emperor of France. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  22. The Second Italian War of Independence or Franco- Sardinian War-April-July, 1859 Napoleon III of France • Cavour and Napoleon III secretly met and signed a Treaty of Defensive Alliance against the Austrians . Cavour agreed to give France Nice and Savoy for helping Sardinia • Cavour provoked Austria and eventually created the war in April 1859. • Garibaldi abandoned Mazzini's republican ideal of the liberation of Italy, assuming that only the Piedmontese monarchy could effectively achieve it. • Garibaldi participated in the war and was appointed major general in the army of Sardinia and formed a volunteer unit named the Hunters of the Alps . Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  23. Franco-Austrian war and Expansion of kingdom of Sardinia- 1859 • Combined forces of Sardinia and France defeated Austria at battle of Solferino and forced negotiations. • Expansion of Sardinian Kingdom- Lombardy was annexed to Sardinia but Venetia remained with Austria.  Duchy of Parma, Duchy of Modena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany and large parts of Papal States except Rome — were merged in the Kingdom of Sardinia. • Napoleon III suddenly withdrew his forces and Cavour’s plan to removing Austria from Italy remained unfulfilled. Out of Shock Cavour resigned. • Cavour was reappointed and according to the proposal of French emperor, Nice and Savoy came under France. • French control of Nice and Savoy was vehemently opposed by Italian national hero Garibaldi, a native of Nice. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  24. Giuseppe Garibaldi and Unification of Italy • Born in Nice in 1807. • He was one of the most romantic figures in the making of Italy. Known for art of guerrilla warfare and spirit of adventure. • Joined Young Italy Movement led by Mazzini and played an important role in the 1834 uprising in Savoy which failed. • Exile period- 1836-1848. During this period he was in south America where he participated in their liberation movement. He spent fourteen years there, taking part in several wars and learning the art of guerrilla warfare, and returned to Italy in 1848 • Garibaldi prepared a large number of volunteers called as Red Shirts. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  25. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany Returned in 1848 and tried to protect the Republic of Rome established by Mazzini. With the arrival of Austrian army , Garibaldi had to fled. He was appointed general by the provisional government of Milan in 1848, General of the Roman Republic in 1849 by the Minister of War. He lost his best friends and his wife Anita in 1849. He announced his loyalty to Sardinian kingdom and participated in Franco- Austrian war of 1859. He became a legend in Italy.

  26. TheExpedition of the Thousand The Mille expedition - 1860 • Garibaldi did not like the French annexation of his home city, Nice. He hoped to use his supporters to regain the territory.  • Cavour, terrified of Garibaldi provoking a war with France, persuaded Garibaldi to instead use his forces in the Sicilian rebellions. • Under the leadership of Garibaldi, a corps of volunteers in thousands landed in Sicily  in May 1860 to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the Spanish Bourbon king Francis II. • This adventure in Italian history is called the Expedition of Thousand or Mille Expedition. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  27. Capture of Sicily • On May 11, 1860 Garibaldi landed at Marsala in Sicily with a thousand men known as the "I Mille" or "The red shirts" . • By May 25, Palermo, the capital of Sicily, was captured. With the help of Sardinian army , Naples, the capital of mainland Sicily was captured  Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  28. Merger of Two Sicily in Sardinia • Garibaldi’s adventure created doubts and fear in Cavour and King Emmanuel . • Cavour sent army to Naples to stop him attacking Rome. • The king Emannual II met Garibaldi near Naples and on November 7, 1860 Garibaldi accepted the command of Victor Emmanuel and surrendered. • Garibaldi then retired to the island of Caprera, while the remaining work of unifying the peninsula was left to Victor Emmanuel. • With the capture of Sicily , Italy was united except Rome and Venetia.  Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  29. Kingdom of Italy-1861 • Three months later Cavour, having seen his life's work nearly complete, died. When he was given the last rites, Cavour purportedly said: "Italy is made. All is safe.’’ • On 17 March 1861, the Parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  30. Roman Question In June 1862, Garibaldi sailed from Genoa and landed again at Palermo, where he gathered volunteers for the campaign, under the slogan Roma o Morte ("Rome or Death"). He was later imprisoned   • Roam was a challenge to Sardinian government . • Victor Emmanuel was reluctant to attack catholic Roam • Garibaldi wanted to attack Roam but did not get support from the government. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  31. Austro-Perssian war and Third War of Independence (1866) • In 1866, the Austro-Prussian War  began. Within the context of Italian unification, the Austro-Prussian war is called Third Independence War. • The Kingdom of Italy seized the opportunity to capture Venetia from Austrian rule and allied itself with Prussia. • Italy and Prussia signed an agreement that supported Italy's acquisition of Venetia, and Italy declared war on Austria. • Austria ceded Venetia. Victor Emmanuel entered Venice and Venetian land, and performed an act of homage in the Piazza San Marco Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  32. Capture of Rome- 1871 • In July 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began. • The French Emperor Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome, thus leaving Papal State defenceless.   • King Victor Emmanuel II proposed for a peaceful entry of the army to Roam but Pope Pious IX declined. • The Italian Army, crossed the papal frontier on 11 September and advanced slowly toward Rome. •  Rome and Latium were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy after a plebiscite held on 2 October. • Rome was declared the capital of the kingdom of Italy in July 1871. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  33. Unification of Italy Timeline Dr. SujataMenon- Unification of Italy and Gery

  34. Unification of Germany Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

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  38. Nationalism in German States • German speaking people lived in small, separate states in the Austrian Hapsburg Empire, and in Prussia kingdom. • Napoleon converted 300 German states into 38 states in 1806 naming them as Confederation of Rhine. • Congress of Vienna brought this confederation under the leadership of Austria. • German Confederation or German Diet was formed which was a very weak body headed by Austria. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  39. German Confederation or Diet • German Diet at Frankfurt- Loose confederation/political association of 39 states. • Austria was the president of Diet. • Aspiration of German people was not addressed in Diet as it was represented by many rulers. • Two largest states dominating the confederation –Prussia and Austrian Empire. • No unity among German rulers. • Liberals, philosophers were divided . • German states like Holstein, Hanover an Luxembourg were ruled by agents of foreign rulers Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  40. Early National movement • The early movement of German unity was spearheaded by teachers and students. • Societies of students( Burschenschaft) – national movement originated from it. • Its branches were opened up in many German universities. • These societies propagated nationalism by organizing cultural activities. • Metternich through the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle suppressed all student movement and their societies. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  41. Zollverein or German Customs Union German Zollverein, 1834–1919Blue: Prussia in 1834Grey: Areas included until 1866Yellow: Austrian possessions outside the ZollvereinRed: Borders of the 1828German Confederation Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany Germany witnessed the birth of economic nationalism in the form of customs union called Zollverein. Prussia , one of the largest German state was the founder of this organization. The aim was to have a free trade by removing numerous tariffs within its territories. All internal custom duties were abolished. This system permitted Prussia to become the most liberal economic entity. Many German states joined the custom union and Prussia’s custom union became popular. Zollverein thus converted Prussia into a commercial unit and brought rapid economic and commercial transformation. It also brought unity among the German state in economic sphere. Austria was out of this system.

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  43. Impact of July revolution • In Germany the 1830 revolution had caused great political tremors. In many state people revolted against the rulers and got liberal constitution. • The rulers of German states were confronted with the demands for granting constitution. • Southern German states appealed to Prussia to render protection across the border. However, King Frederick William III could not take the advantage of bringing German unity due to the fear of Metternich. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  44. Frankfurt National Assembly,1848 • Efforts were made by liberal to unite German states under the leadership of Prussia. But it failed . • At the Frankfurt Assembly in 1848, liberals offered the throne to a united Germany to the Prussian king, but they were refused. Germany remained divided but still had a desire for unity. • However, Prussia was emerging as a rival of Austria and was more liberal than Austria. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  45. Otto von Bismarck – The Iron Chancellor • Efforts of 1848 revolution failed but it was achieved by Bismarck- an outstanding diplomat and statesman of Prussia. • Otto von Bismarck is known as the “founder of the German Empire.” He was Prussia's prime minister from 1862 to 1873 and was Germany’s first chancellor from 1871 to 1890. • He relentlessly pursued the unification of Germany with the combination of diplomacy and wars from 1851 to 1871. • He was anti liberal and anti republican. • He Favoured Monarchy. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  46. Blood and Iron • Bismarck hated Austria and wanted to eliminate Austria to bring German unity under Persian crown. • The new king William I(1862-1888) believed that Prussia's future depended upon her military strenght.His idea was shared by Bismarck. • The king decided to organized army on modern lines which was not accepted by liberal members in Prussian parliament. • At this point Bismarck was consulted and he was appointed chancellor of Prussia. • Bismarck appeared before the parliament and delivered his famous Blood and Iron speech- ‘’The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority resolutions.. But by blood and iron’’. • He ordered the arrest of all opposition leaders, advised the king to ahead with his plan and collected taxes forcibly . Parliament became ineffective. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

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  49. Foreign policy of Bismarck – Denmark issue-1864 • War with Denmark- two German states Holstein and Schleswig were ruled by the king of Denmark. • These states were merged into Denmark. This enraged Bismarck and he planned to attack Denmark. • Austria and Prussia sent troops to Denmark and latter surrender two duchies. These were jointly administered by Austria and Prussia. • However serious differences arose between the two on the issue of these two states. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany

  50. Dr. Sujata Menon- Unification of Italy and Germany Bismarck befriended Napoleon III with the promise of compensation if France remained neutral in case of war with Austria and Prussia. He also got the neutrality of Russia and proposed to king Emmanuel of Italy to join war in the side of Prussia and get the compensation.

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