The Unification of Italy and Germany

1. The Unification of Italy and Germany 1815-1870s

2. Nationalism • What is nationalism? • The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history

3. Types of Nationalism • Nationalism that unifies culturally similar lands and people • Nationalism that unifies a country by its accomplishments

4. The Unification of Italy • Key Figures • Giuseppe Mazzini—’the Heart’ • Count Camillo diCavour—’the Brain’ • Giuseppe Garibaldi—’the Sword’ • Victor Emmanuel II—’the King’

5. The Unification of Italy • Background • Centuries of on and off foreign rule (pre-dates the Renaissance) 1815—Congress of Vienna -- divided Italy into large and small states --Austria ruled the northern half

6. 1815-1848: Desire for independence from foreign domination 1848: Giuseppe Mazzini leads a revolt to push Austria out of Italy 1849: Austrians re-establish control The Unification of Italy

7. The Unification of Italy Cavour Leads Northern Italian Unification • 1852: Camillo di Cavour named Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia • Uses diplomacy to reach his ultimate two-pronged goal -Unify Italy -Eliminate foreign domination -chooses allies carefully • Chooses France as ally • 1859:Provokes war with Austria • French help win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land

8. The Unification of Italy • 1859: Giuseppe Garibaldi Brings Unity • Leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy • Known as the “Red Shirts” for their attire during battle • 1861:Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia • Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King of Sardinia to rule

9. The Unification of Italy Cavour Leads Northern Italian Unification • 1859: Cavour maintained good relationships with GB, Prussia and Russia to isolate France • 1861: Cavour dies

11. The Unification of Italy • 1860: Cavour diplomatically destroys Garibaldi • 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy • 1861 Cavour dies • Become allies with Prussia • 1866 proclaim Italy a nation

12. 1870: Rome becomes the capital of a unified Italy Italy is physically unified The Unification of Italy

13. The Unification of Germany • Beginning in 1815: • German Confederation • Divided into 39 German states • Austria controlled the Confederation • Prussia lead the unification movement • 1848-1849 Prussian Advantage: • Germans looked to Prussia for leadership

14. The Unification of Germany • Prussian Advantage • Mainly a German population creating strong nationalism • Very powerful army • Created the zollverin (free-trade that excluded Austria) • Absolute Monarch • Wealthy middle-class had no political influence • Lead the German Confederation in industrialization • Effective railroad system

15. The Unification of Germany • Austrian Advantage: • Considered natural leader • Home of the Holy Roman Emperor • Cultural center of the arts • Austrian disadvantage • Multi-national: many groups non-German and wanted there own national identity • Lagged behind in industrial development

16. The Unification of Germany • Key Figures • Otto von Bismarck—’Iron and Blood’ • King Wilhelm I

17. The Unification of Germany • 1848-9: Germans looked to Prussia for leadership • 1860: King Wilhelm I tried to enlarge Prussia

18. The Unification of Germany • 1862: Otto von Bismarck appointed Prime Minister • Member of the “Junker” class • Conservative wealthy landowners (military officers) • Used military force to achieve political gain—WAR • Considered a master of realpolitik (based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics)

19. The Unification of Germany • 1862: Otto von Bismarck appointed Prime Minister • Understood the importance of national pride • Targeted Austria as a major rival

20. The Unification of Germany • 1864: Prussia Expands using war • Prussia & Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces • Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia • Used it efficient railroad system to move troops to battle • 1866: Seven Weeks’ War • Prussia defeated and humiliated Austria • Gains Austrian territory • East and West Prussia are united

21. The Unification of Germany • 1867: Austria agrees to a dual monarchy • To appease Hungarians • Now Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy • Created internal problems • 1867: Southern Catholic Germans look to Prussia for help • Felt threatened by France • 1870: Franco-Prussian War

22. The Unification of Germany • 1870: Prussia defeats France • Final step in German unification • United under Prussian dominance • 1871: Wilhelm I of Prussia crowned Kaiser of the newly formed German Empire known as the Second Reich • Bismarck appointed first prime minister of the new nation • Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance

24. Italian Unification Timeline 1860 – Garibaldi and the “Red Shirt” Land in Sicily 1859 – War With Austria, Italy gets Lombardy with help of Napoleon III 1866: 7 Weeks’ War, Italy sides with Prussia & receives Venice • 1861- Victor Emmanuel II Proclaimed “King of Italy” • Cavour dies 1870 - Franco-Prussian War, Italy takes Rome ITALY UNIFIED 1871: Rome proclaimed capital of unified Italy Revolution of 1848 1852 – Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia

25. German Unification Timeline 1862 – William I Bismarck appointed Head of cabinet 1818 – Prussia eliminates tariffs 1866- 7 Weeks’ War; German Confederation Dissolved; Prussia takes Schleswig & Holstein 1848 – Revolution & Frankfurt Parliament 1870 - Franco-Prussian War; France loses Alsace- Lorraine 1864 – Austria & Germany defeat Denmark: Austria takes Schleswig, Prussia takes Holstein 1871: German Empire Proclaimed; Bismarck appointed Chancellor 1819 - Carlsbad Decrees 1844 – Zollverein includes Almost all German states