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The U.S. Achievement Gap

The U.S. Achievement Gap. Mary Poplin, Claremont Graduate University March, 2014 . Policy and Pedagogy. POLICY ISSUES. History of Attempts to Close Gap – US Government Rulings . State Governments in charge of US education Supreme Court Ruling 1954 – separate not equal

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The U.S. Achievement Gap

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  1. The U.S. Achievement Gap Mary Poplin, Claremont Graduate University March, 2014

  2. Policy and Pedagogy

  3. POLICY ISSUES

  4. History of Attempts to Close Gap –US Government Rulings State Governments in charge of US education Supreme Court Ruling 1954 – separate not equal Desegregation – Busing

  5. Attempts to Close GapSpecial National Projects Early Education – Head Start Compensatory programs Tracking and De-tracking Special Education Bilingual /education Free Lunch Various Remedial Programs

  6. Most of these assumed lesser abilities, potential and/or backgrounds

  7. The History of the Gap Achievement Data Graphs

  8. Black / White Achievement Gap ETS Black White Achievement Gap – July 2010

  9. Hispanic White Achievement Gap8th Grade Mathematics NCES Hispanic White Gap – June 2011

  10. Hispanic White Gap 8th Grade Reading NCES Hispanic White Gap – June 2011

  11. Three Historical Movements Early movement after desegregation Problematic Dismantling of Neighborhood Schools Remedial curriculum, not same Grade inflation

  12. Late 80s Effective School Movement – Ron Edmonds Strong administrators High expectations for teachers and students Orderly school climate Time on academic tasks Basic skills Frequent assessments to check progress

  13. Accountability for Special Programs Did you do what you said you would do? Did you serve the right students? Did you serve the right number of students?

  14. NCLB – New Accountability Achievement analyzed by race and class Not average scores of all students Requirement to increase each subgroup Tied to evaluation of states, districts, schools and teachers

  15. Pedagogical Issues

  16. 1. Purpose of Education2. Pedagogical Methods

  17. Purpose of Education Education leading to college Education leading to career

  18. Pedagogical Debates • Transmission of Knowledge • Construction of Meanings

  19. Transmission Pedagogy Set of knowledge and social virtues passed from generation to generation Carefully planned presentation of content Class Discussion and Individual Practice Teacher Feedback Teacher controls the learning

  20. Constructivist Pedagogy Students learn through experience Assimilation, accommodation, equilibration Depends on social and language contexts Student controls the learning

  21. Constructivist Methods Experiential education Project Based Cooperative Learning Flipped Classrooms Student discussions

  22. Research Findings Validate Transmission over Construction Both effective schools movement and NCLB used more transmission Validates frequent monitoring of student progress Validates teacher feedback – immediate and content directed Need for background knowledge

  23. Study of 30 Highly Effective Teachers in low-performing Schools in Los Angeles

  24. Achievement in Ineffective Urban Schools In three high schools: 53% of the English teachers and 60% of the math teachers have 30%-75% of their students moving down a level in a single year.

  25. Highly effective teachers in ineffective urban schools Use transmission Lecture and whole class discussion Strict High expectations Move around room Give extensive feedback Disposition to work hard

  26. Every child in my classroom is underachieving based on what I see as their potentialAnd it is my job to do something about itI can and I want to.

  27. Highly effective teachers according to their students Strict Explain things over and over Believes in me Wants me to go to college, have a good life, be successful

  28. When I was in first grade and second and third when I cried my teachers coddled me.When I got to Mrs. T’s room, she told me to suck it up and get to work. I think she is right, I need to work harder.

  29. Other Teacher Data 1/3 were immigrants 1/3 were African American No particular age or years of teaching Not necessarily better degrees 1/3 had similar lives as their students Neither far left or rightpolitically Most were religious and said their religion was a significant reason for their work.

  30. Theoretical Explanations for Why Transmission Works Best Kirschner, Mayer, Hirsch, Hattie Students are novices, not experts Lack of background knowledge Active learning does not mean action Transmission can engage minds Cognitive overload Critical importance of immediate feedback

  31. Constructivism may be the right learning theory but not the wrong pedagogy If students do learn by constructing new meanings, they may be more able to do that with a more active teacher who is skilled in transmitting information.

  32. Lastly How Do Asian Students Achieve Inside US Schools They excel above all others!

  33. Trends for Asian Americans CEP Trends for Asian American Students – June 2010

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