Hippocrates 460 – 377 BC

1. Hippocrates460 – 377 BC • Greek physician known as the “Father of Medicine” • Wrote the “Hippocratic Oath” a code of conduct for doctors and the basis of all medical practice today • He believed illness and disease was NOT caused by evil spirits • He stressed the importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness and exercise • Learned by ‘observation’only Maybe bad food at lunch…?

2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek1632 – 1723 • Invented the microscope lens allowing organisms to be seen • He scraped his own teeth and observed the bacteria that causes tooth decay

3. BEN FRANKLIN1706 – 1790 In 1784, Ben Franklin developed bifocal glasses. He was getting old and was having trouble seeing both up-close and at a distance. Getting tired of switching between two types of glasses, he devised a way to have both types of lenses fit into the frame. The distance lens was placed at the top and the up-close lens was placed at the bottom.

4. Ben Franklin also found that colds could • be passed from person to person Common cold: In the 18th century, most people believed that wet clothing and dampness in the air caused the common cold. However, Franklin observed that sailors, who were constantly wearing wet clothing, remained healthy. After considering the matter on and off for several years, he eventually concluded: "People often catch cold from one another when shut up together in small close rooms, coaches, etc. and when sitting near and conversing so as to breathe in each other's transpiration." Before the knowledge of viruses and germs, Franklin had determined that the common cold was passed between people through the air.

5. Edward Jenner1749 – 1823 • Developed the first vaccine which prevented smallpox in 1796 • Cow maids and a cow named Blossom were part of the discovery

6. Rene Laennec1781 – 1826 • Invented the stethoscope in 1819 • The first one was made of wood • Allowed physicians to ‘hear’ the inside of the human body • Heart sounds, lung sounds and bowel sounds could be heard, not just felt

7. Florence Nightingale1820 - 1910 • Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing” • Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854 • Invented the call bell system • Used the dumbwaiter to deliver meals • Developed the first formal professional education program for nurses

8. Clara Barton1821 - 1912 • A volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War • After the Civil War, she established a ‘bureau of records’ to search for missing men of the war • Campaigned for the USA to sign the Treaty of Geneva, which provided relief for sick and wounded soldiers • Formed American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its first president

9. Elizabeth Blackwell1821 - 1910 • First female physician in the United States in 1849

10. Louis Pasteur1822 - 1895 • Known as the ‘father of microbiology’ • His ‘germ theory’ proved that microorganisms cause disease • Proved that heat can be used to destroy germs through a process called pasteurization • Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885 • Founded the basic rules of sterilization which helped for more successful surgery and prevented infections

11. Joseph Lister1827 - 1912 • Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs • First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery which decreased the number of infections

12. Robert Koch (kox)1843 - 1910 • Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens • Isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB)

13. Wilhelm Röntgen 1845 - 1923 • Discovered roentgenograms aka x-rays in 1895 • His first x-ray was of his wife's hand • X-rays allowed doctors to see internal (inside)parts of the body

14. Sigmund Freud1836 - 1939 • Discovered the conscious and unconscious parts of the mind • His studies became the basis for psychology and psychiatry

15. Sir Alexander Fleming1881 - 1955 • Discovered the antibiotic penicillin in 1928 (86 years ago) • Considered one of the most important discoveries of the 20th century • Provided a cure for many life threatening infections such as syphilis

16. Albert Sabin1906 - 1993 • Along with Jonas Salk discovered the polio vaccine • Saving many from the virus that was paralyzing thousands of adults and children each year

17. Francis Crick & James Watson • Described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953 • Built a 3D model of the molecules of DNA • Shared the Noble Peace Prize in 1962

18. Christian Barnard • Performed the first successful heart transplant in 1968

19. Ben Carson • Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins • He refined hemispherectomy, a surgery on the brain to stop seizures

20. Hemispherectomy is a very rare surgical procedure where one cerebral hemisphere (half of the brain) is removed or disabled. This procedure is used to treat a variety of seizure disorders where the source of the epilepsy is localized to a broad area of a single hemisphere of the brain, among other disorders. It is solely reserved for extreme cases in which the seizures have not responded to medications or other less invasive surgeries.