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2. ????. ?????????????????????????????????????. 3. ????. ????????????????,??????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????????? . 4. ??????. ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? . 5. ??????? . ??????????(Hippocrates)????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(Bernardino Ramazzini)???????????????:??????????????,???????????????????1883??????????.

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    1. ???????? ???????????? ???

    2. 2 ???? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??

    3. 3 ???? ????????????????,??????????????????,????????????????,???????????????????????

    4. 4 ?????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????

    5. 5 ??????? ??????????(Hippocrates)?????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????(Bernardino Ramazzini)???????????????:??????????????,????????????????? ??1883?????????? ??????,??????????(Hippocrates)?????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????? ??1700?????????????????????(Bernardino Ramazzini)?????????????(De Morbis Artificum Diatriba)? ?????????????:??????????????,????????????????? ???????? ??????,??????????(Hippocrates)?????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????? ??1700?????????????????????(Bernardino Ramazzini)?????????????(De Morbis Artificum Diatriba)? ?????????????:??????????????,????????????????? ???????? ??1883?????????? ??????,??????????(Hippocrates)?????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????? ??1700?????????????????????(Bernardino Ramazzini)?????????????(De Morbis Artificum Diatriba)? ?????????????:??????????????,????????????????? ???????? ??????,??????????(Hippocrates)?????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????? ??1700?????????????????????(Bernardino Ramazzini)?????????????(De Morbis Artificum Diatriba)? ?????????????:??????????????,????????????????? ???????? ??1883??????????

    6. 6 ????????? ??1878???????(J.J. Colman Company)???????????????(Philippa Flowerday)??????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????

    7. 7 ????????? (?) ????????????????????????? ?????(Boston University)???????????????? ?????????????????(AAOHN),??????????????(NIOSH)?????????????????? ??????????????1888?,????????????Betty Moulde,???????????????? ??1895?Ada Mayo Stewart,???Vermont Marble Company,????????????,??????????????????? ??????????the Milwaukee Visiting Nurse Association???????????????????? ??1917??????(Boston University)?????????????????? ????????1942??????????????(American Association of Industrial Nurses) 1977??????????????(AAOHN)???????????????(NIOSH)?,??????????(AAOHN)?????????????????? ??????????????1888?,????????????Betty Moulde,???????????????? ??1895?Ada Mayo Stewart,???Vermont Marble Company,????????????,??????????????????? ??????????the Milwaukee Visiting Nurse Association???????????????????? ??1917??????(Boston University)?????????????????? ????????1942??????????????(American Association of Industrial Nurses) 1977??????????????(AAOHN)???????????????(NIOSH)?,??????????(AAOHN)??????????????????

    8. 8 ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????? ???????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????????,??????????????????,??????????????,?????? ??65?????????????,?????????????? ??78??????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????? ??80?4?30???????????????????,??91????????????????? (Taiwan Occupational Health Nursing Association, TOHNA)? 80?????????????????????? 96?5?6????????????????? 1962????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????? ??62???????????????????????,?????????????? ??76???????????,??????????????? ??80??????????,????????,????????????? ???????????????????????????,??????????????????,???????????????????? ???????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????????,??????????????????,??????????????,?????? ??65?????????????,?????????????? ??78??????????,?????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????? ??80?4?30???????????????????,??91????????????????? (Taiwan Occupational Health Nursing Association, TOHNA)? 80?????????????????????? 96?5?6????????????????? 1962????????????????????,????????????????,??????????????????? ??62???????????????????????,?????????????? ??76???????????,??????????????? ??80??????????,????????,?????????????

    9. 9 ?????????? ???????,????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????-??????????????????? ??? ????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????? ????-????????????????????,?????? ????-?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????-??????????????????? ??? ????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????? ????-????????????????????,?????? ????-??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

    10. 10 ??????????(?) ?????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????,??????(promotion)?????(prevention)?????(protection)??????(placement)???,???????????????,????????????

    11. 11 ???????? ??? ??? ????

    12. 12 ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????

    13. 13 ????? ?????????????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????????

    14. 14 ????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????

    15. 15 ????? ?????????????,???????????????? ???????????? ??????????????,??????????????

    16. 16 ????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????

    17. 17 ?????????? ??18???? ??63??????????????? ???????,???????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????

    18. 18 ???? ???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????????,??????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????? ????????????????????,???????????????????????????(?????????????),?????????????????????????????????????

    19. 19

    20. 20 ???????-???? ??:???????????????????????????? ??:????????????,????????,?????????????????,????????????????,????,?????????????????????? ??:??????????,????????????????? ??????????,?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????,?????????? ?????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????????????

    21. 21 ????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????,?????????????????????????????????

    22. 22 ???????? ??????=??????×1,000,000÷?????,?????????????????? ???????=?????×1,000,000÷?????,?????????????? ????????????????????,?????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????,????????????????? ?????????????????????????,????????????? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????????,????????????????? ?????????????????????????,?????????????

    23. 23 ????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????????????

    24. 24 ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ????

    25. 25 ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????

    26. 26 ???? (?)????????? (?)???????? (?)????????? ????????? (?)???????? ??????? ??????????????????,????????????????????,???????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? (?)????????? ???????? ?????????84???????????????????????????????????? ??92???????????300?????????? 93?????????,???34????????????????? ??(??)???? ????????? (?)???????? ??????? ??????????????????,????????????????????,???????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????? (?)????????? ???????? ?????????84???????????????????????????????????? ??92???????????300?????????? 93?????????,???34????????????????? ??(??)????

    27. 27 ?????? ??????(Walk through)???? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????,???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????(??)? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????(???????????????????????)? ??????? ????????????(TWA, Time Weighted Average):????????????,?????,????????,???????,??????,???????????????? ???????????(STEL, Short Term Exposure Level):????????????,??????????????,????(1)???????(2)???????????(3)????????????????????????? ??????(C, Ceiling):???????????????????????? ????:???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,???????(1)??????????????????????????(2)??????????????(3)??????????? ??? ??? ??? ????(????) ?????? ???????? ??????????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????,???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????(??)? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????(???????????????????????)? ??????? ????????????(TWA, Time Weighted Average):????????????,?????,????????,???????,??????,???????????????? ???????????(STEL, Short Term Exposure Level):????????????,??????????????,????(1)???????(2)???????????(3)????????????????????????? ??????(C, Ceiling):???????????????????????? ????:???????????????????????????,????????????????????????????,???????(1)??????????????????????????(2)??????????????(3)??????????? ??? ??? ??? ????(????) ??????

    28. 28 ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????

    29. 29 ?????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????? ????????????????????? (?????) ??????????????

    30. 30 ???????? 1.???????? ???????? ???????? ????65???????????; ??40???65?????????; ??40????????? ?????????????????????? 2.??????(Health Interviews) 3.???????? 4.????????

    31. 31 ???(?)? (1)???????????????? (2)??????????? (3)??????,?:????????????????????????????????????????,???????????????? (4)??????????????,????????? (5)???????????????????????????

    32. 32 ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????:???????????????,??????,???????,?????????????? 2. ?????:???????????????,?????????,??????????,???????????? 3. ?????:???????????????,?????????,??????????,???????????? 4. ?????:???????????????,?????????,??????????,?????????? ??? ?????????? 2.?????????? 3.????????? 4.???????????? 5.?????????????????? ???????????????95.3??,?????4.2%?????????39.3??(41.2%)??? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????:???????????????,??????,???????,?????????????? 2. ?????:???????????????,?????????,??????????,???????????? 3. ?????:???????????????,?????????,??????????,???????????? 4. ?????:???????????????,?????????,??????????,?????????? ??? ?????????? 2.?????????? 3.????????? 4.???????????? 5.?????????????????? ???????????????95.3??,?????4.2%?????????39.3??(41.2%)??? ????????? ????????????? ??????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ??????

    33. 33 ???? 1.?????? 2.?????? 3.??????

    34. 34 ?? ?????????,?????????????,???????! ??????????,???????????!

    35. 35

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