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Biofuels in Brazil

Biofuels in Brazil. Prof. Donato Aranda Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro. “van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences” Amsterdam, 2007. Energy Mix. Ethanol Program in Brazil. 1925: First experiments with ethanol/gasoline blends 1975: Ethanol program started after the 1st oil crisis

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Biofuels in Brazil

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  1. Biofuels in Brazil Prof. Donato Aranda Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro “van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences” Amsterdam, 2007

  2. Energy Mix

  3. Ethanol Program in Brazil • 1925: First experiments with ethanol/gasoline blends • 1975: Ethanol program started after the 1st oil crisis • 1989: Leaded Gasoline forbiden. • 1993: E-20 to E-25 mandatory in all the country (33,000 gas stations) • 2003: Flex Fuel engines • 2006: 80% of new vehicles are Flex (2.5 million/year) • 615 million ton of CO2 avoided emissions, so far

  4. Sugar Cane Output/Input Energy ~ 8.2* Ethanol production in 2006: 16 billion liters *Goldenberg, J.L.C Renewable Energies, Island Press, 1993

  5. Ethanol Plants 313 Ethanol Plants 1 million employees 60,000 agric. producers 5 million ha (0.6 % of Br. area) 89 New plants are being contructed

  6. Physical Productivity Source: Brazilian Agricultural Ministry

  7. Ethanol Energetic Balance Wheat Corn Sugar Beet Sugar Cane (Brazil) Output/Input Energy Source: F.O.Licht (in “New trends to the ethanol supply chain in Brazil”, Simoes, R.B., Master Thesis, Universiteit Van Tilburg, Holanda, Jul-2006)

  8. Sugar Cane Energy • 1 mton of Sugar Cane: • 1.7 103 kcal ~ 1.2 barrel of petroleum • Sugar cane bagasse is producing ~ 2,500 MW • Breakthrough: ethanol from bagasse and other residual biomass

  9. Sugar Cane Energy

  10. Basic Biomass Composition • Cellulose (40-60%) Hemicellulose (20-40%) Lignin (10-25%) Hemicellulose convertion to ethanol: Brazilian Patent: Petrobras/UFRJ no PI0505299-8 (11/2005)

  11. Lignin Cumaric Alcohol Coniferilic Alcohol Sinapilic Alcohol

  12. Flash Pyrolysis

  13. PYROLYSIS OIL ~ 30% Oxygen pH ~ 2 Collaboration with Brem, C. and Brammer, J.G, Twente University

  14. Ethanol/Biodiesel Integration Barralcool (Mato Grosso State) Produces: 100,000 mt/year of Ethanol 50,000 mt/year of Biodiesel

  15. Biodiesel Program • B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year) • B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly) Now: • 10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year) • 4,000 gas stations providing B2 • Some transportation companies using B30 (More than 2,000 buses) • Projects: More than 100 new biodiesel plants LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR REGIONS

  16. Palm Babassu Castor Sunflower Soybean, Tallow, Cotton Jatropha Peanut Canola

  17. Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy ~ 3)* * NREL (USA) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf

  18. Jatropha curcas Biodiesel Output/Input Energy ~ 5- 6* *Ref: Ouedraogo, 1991

  19. Palm Oil Biodiesel

  20. Output/Input Energy ~ 8* *Ref: Lor, E.E.S. et al, World Bioenergy http://www.svebio.se/attachments/33/295.pdf

  21. Palm • Production Costs US$ 240/ton of oil 5,000 – 8,000 Liters/ha

  22. 1st Biodiesel Plant – Heterogeneous Catalyst/Residual Feedstock (Crude Palm Fatty Acids) Patent:D. A. G. Aranda et al; PI0301103-8, 2003. D. A. G. Aranda et al, WO2004096962, 2004.

  23. AGROPALMA: BIODIESEL FROM RESIDUES

  24. Esterification Catalysts • Heterogeneous Catalyst • Reusable • Zero Soap • Easy to remove • No neutralization step Nobic Acid (CBMM)

  25. HOMOmethanol E= -0,264 eV LUMOprotonated acid E= -0,230 eV

  26. HOMO and LUMO from Alcohols and Glycerides

  27. O H3C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2-CH2-COCH2 H3C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2-COCH H3C-CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2- CH2-COCH2 O O Hydrolysis H2O + Lypases Hydrolysis Industrial Process: 99% conversion: 3 plants in Brazil (Non-catalytic process)

  28. Hydroesterification Industrial Hydrolysis Esterification of Fatty Acids (AGROPALMA) + Why don’t integrate these process ???

  29. Hydroesterification (No acidity restriction in feedstock) FA H2O FA 3 FA + G + 3 G FA Triglyceride Water Fatty Acid Glycerol H2O + FA A FA A Fatty Acid Alcohol Biodiesel Water Much better with Catalytic Distillation !!

  30. Custos Operacionais: Hidroesterificação vs Transesterificação (50,000 mton/year) If biodiesel plant is integrated with an ethanol plant, operating costs will be less than 2 ¢/L. No acidity limits in the feedstocks

  31. My team: • Postdocs: Luciana Camacho and Ricardo Valdez • Ph D students: Neyda Om, Yordanka Reyes, Gisel Chenard, Immacolata Manco, Rosana Amorim, Marcia Castoldi, Marcelo Tondello, Rafael Monteiro, Elisa Cruz, Anderson Kurunczi • M Sc students: Ana Encarnação, Rafael João, Jussara Gonçalves, Layla Rocha, Luana Rocha, Leonardi Almeida, Carla Pereira, Margarida Castello, Marlon Almeida

  32. Thank you ! www.greentec-ufrj.com “ God causes all things to work together for good to those who love Him” ( Rm 8,28)

  33. Biodiesel plant 100,000 t/year, oil costs: US$ 250/t and Biodiesel sold at US$ 0.60/L (No incentive scenario) b) Hydroesterification Gross Margin: 30.8% c) Hydroesterification integrated with Ethanol plant a) Regular Transesterification Gross Margin: 33.3 % Gross Margin: 24.1 %

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