410 likes | 698 Views
Russia in the 1800s: Reform and Industrialization. Russia In the Early 1800s Before the Reforms. The Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917). Mikhail Romanov 1613-1645 Alexei Romanov 1645-1676 Peter I the Great 1682-1721 Catherine II (Catherine the Great) 1762-1796 Alexander I 1801-1825
E N D
The Romanov Dynasty (1613 – 1917) • Mikhail Romanov1613-1645 • Alexei Romanov 1645-1676 • Peter I the Great 1682-1721 • Catherine II (Catherine the Great) 1762-1796 • Alexander I 1801-1825 • Nicholas I 1825-1855 • Alexander II 1855-1881 • Alexander III 1881-1894 • Nicholas II 1894-1917
The Holy Alliance • Formed at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 • Conservative alliance of Russia, Prussia, and Austria • United in the defense of religion and the established order (keeping things status quo) • But, Russian intellectuals wanted to Westernize Russia (political freedom, educational, etc.)
Decembrist Uprising (1825) • Russia’s ruling elites (tsar, nobles) were conservatives and were against liberal reforms • They censored the intellectuals (college students, etc) in favor of liberal reforms • Army officers who wanted to Westernize revolted (Decembrist Uprising) • Revolt was stopped, and Tsar Nicholas I • As result, Tsar repressed liberal reformers even more • As a result of the repression, Russia avoided the revolutions that swept across Europe in 1848
Russian Expansion • Maintained control over Poland (dated back to Partition of Poland, 1772) • Defeated Ottomans and gained territory in Eastern Europe in 1830s • Russia helped groups such as Greece and Serbia gain independence from Ottomans
Russia Fails To Industrialize • Western Europe experiencing Industrial Revolution, but not Russia • Russia still had serfdom • To keep pace with West, landlords demanded more labor from serfs • Russia remained a largely peasant society with an agrarian economy
Crimean War (1854-1856) • Russia fought Ottomans, claimed to be protecting rights of Christians in Ottoman owned lands
Crimean War (1854-1856) • Britain and France helped the Ottomans, and Russia lost • Loss showed how far Russia was behind the West industrially and technologically • Russia realized it needed to reform, and over next 20 years, series of reforms took place (1860s and 1870s)
Emancipation of the Serfs • Russia ended serfdom in 1861 • Serfs were given land when freed
Emancipation of the Serfs • Landlords (nobles) close allies to tsars • The landlords had long controlled peasants for tsars • Even though serfs freed, Russia made sure to preserve power of aristocratic class (nobles) • Redemption Payments = Serfs got land, but had to pay for land (couldn’t leave village until paid for) • Serfs angered over redemption payments, many rose up
End of Serfdom = Large Labor Source • In order to industrialize, a country need to have a large labor source, Russia now had it • However, industrialization still didn’t take place right away (still took more time)
Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) • Passed many reforms after loss in Crimean War (emancipating serfs just one of them) • Zemstvoes= created these local councils that could build roads, schools, and provide medical service • Only wealthy could elect members of the zemstvoes
Trans-Siberian Railway • Russia started building huge rail system in 1870s • Trans-Siberian Railroad = connected European Russia (west) with the Pacific (east) • Iron, coal, and grain industries grew as result of railroads • Siberia became more developed, and Russia’s presence in Asia expanded
Russia Finally Has Industrial Revolution • Railroads played big role • Western business were encouraged to build factories in Russia • By 1900 half of Russian industry was foreign owned • Russia became leaders in steel, petroleum, and textile output
Industrialization Still Way Behind West • Lots of big factories in Russia • But didn’t have best technology in those factories • Agricultural technology was way behind the times
Mostly, Reforms Failed • Army tried to modernize, but military discipline and efficiently were poor • Russia lacked strong middle class of artisans and professionals like the West had • Intellectuals who wanted change felt there was not enough
Social Problems • Frequent famines led to peasant uprisings • Peasants also revolted against redemption payments they still had to pay
Social Problems • Intelligentsia = radical intellectuals that were very aggressive and demanded liberal reforms • Many devoted their life to revolution
Social Problems • Anarchists = people who want to end all forms of government • Russian radicals turned to anarchism as a means to oppose the tsarist regime • When anarchists failed to recruit many peasants to their cause, they turned to terrorism
Alexander II Ends Reforms • Alexander II stopped his reforms in late 1870s • He felt they were creating problems (ex: more freedoms allowed for the rise of anarchist movement) • Censorship increased and political agitators sent to prison camps in Siberia • Alexander II assassinated in 1881 by anarchist bomb • Successors further stopped any reforms and political freedoms
Minority Nationalities Targeted • Government repression often aimed at minority nationalities living in the Russian empire (Poles, Ukrainians, and Jews) • Pogroms = Mass executions that were ordered against Jews
Marxist Reaches Russia (1890s) • Marxism promoted idea of a proletariat (working class) revolution • Vladimir Ilyich Lenin = Marxist leader who led movements to overthrow the tsar • Bolsheviks= Marxist political party in Russia • Workers formed unions and went on strike (which was illegal in Russia)
Revolution Inevitable • Peasants upset over power of landlords • Urban working-class upset about lack of freedoms • Intellectuals (intelligentsia) demanded liberal reforms • Instead of compromise, tsar repressed freedoms even more
Military Successes = Problems? • Beat the Ottomans in 1870s • Helped create new Slavic states in Balkans (ex: Serbia) which Russians vowed to protect • Increased influence in Middle East and central Asia • But, Russia expanded too far, and the military was stretched too thin
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) • Japan angry about Russia expansion into east Asia (China, Korea) so fought Russia • Japan won a shocking victory • Resulted in the people of Russia revolted against the tsar
Russian Revolution of 1905 • In response to the massive protests after loss in Russo-Japanese War, Tsar Nicholas II agreed to pass liberal reforms • Duma= A national parliament that was created to make Russia a parliamentary monarchy • Kulaks = Peasants given more rights, and some, called kulaks, got wealthy enough to own land
Nicholas II Backtracks • Nicholas II comes from a long line of autocratic tsars, and soon went back on these reforms • He stripped the Duma of its power • He once again began policy of political repression • This led to even more Russians opposing the regime, and a bigger revolution would soon occur that would end the tsarist regime in Russia forever
New Nations • Many countries were newly independent in Eastern Europe (had broken from Ottoman Empire or Austria-Hungary) • These new nations turned to Russia for help, guidance, and ideas • Many copied Russia • Most had autocratic kings (like tsars) that ruled with unlimited power • Landlords had huge power • Most began to industrialize, though even less than Russia did
Culture Thrives in Eastern Europe • While there were many political and economic problems, cultural output thrived • National dictionaries, folk tales, and music were created which enhanced senses of heritage • Scientific advancements occurred (such as Gregor Mendel’s research on genetics)
Music Chopin Liszt
Science Gregor Mendel Ivan Pavlov