CHAPTER 13 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. CHAPTER 13RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2. Learning Objectives • Define terms relating to the respiratory system • Describe the three functions of the respiratory system • Identify at least ten respiratory system structures and the function of each • Describe the assessment techniques of the respiratory system • Describe the disorders of the respiratory system

3. Structure of the Respiratory System

4. Function of the Respiratory System • Brings oxygen into the body through the breathing process • Inspiration (inhaling air) • Oxygen is brought into the lungs • Expiration (exhalation) • Carbon dioxide is removed from the lungs

5. Mechanics of Breathing The diaphragm contracts to pull air into the lungs Diaphragm relaxes & air is released

6. Function of the Respiratory System Through the breathing process the respiratory system functions in three ways: • Exchanges gases between the blood and lungs • Helps regulate body temperature by cooling or warming the blood • Helps maintain the blood’s electrolyte balance

7. Three Processes of Respiration • External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs • Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells • Cellular respiration changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells

8. Following the Inhalation Process • Air enters the respiratory system through the nose or mouth • Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled through the throat and into the trachea • The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi • Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles • The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends called alveoli • Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion

9. ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

10. Assessment Techniques • Rate • The normal rate of respiration varies with age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors • Children breathe 20 times a minute • Adults breathe 16 to 20 times a minute • Elderly often breathe less than 16 times a minute

11. Assessment Techniques (Continued) • Character • Respirations should have a regular rhythm, occurring at regular intervals • Apnea: no respiration • Respirations may be deep or shallow • Respirations may be dry or wet • Sounds • Breath sounds can be heard by using a stethoscope • Wheezing or adventitious sounds may indicate an abnormal condition

12. Assessment Techniques (Continued) • Lung volume • Measurement of the respiratory capacity • Respiratory capacity is the amount of air that can be brought into the lungs • Measured by a spirometer • Lung capacity depends on age and physical condition

13. Assessment Techniques (Continued) • Lung volume • Vital capacity Includes: • Tidal volume • Amount of air normally exchanged • Inspiratory reserve • Additional amount of air that can be inhaled • Expiratory reserve • Additional amount of air that can be exhaled

14. Respiratory Capacity

15. Assessment Techniques (Continued) • Blood gases • Measure how much oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood’s pH, and other gases

16. Blood Gas Analysis

17. DISORDERSOF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

18. Disorders of the Respiratory System • Anthrax • Caused by spores of the bacterium • Asthma attack • May result from exposure to an allergen, cold temperature, exercise, or emotion • Atelectasis • A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury

19. Triggering Agents of Asthma

20. Disorders of the Respiratory System (Continued) • Bronchitis • An infection of the bronchi • Carbon monoxide poisoning • Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • A group of chronic respiratory disorders including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema

21. Disorders of the Respiratory System (Continued) • Cold • A respiratory infection • Cystic fibrosis • A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands • Emphysema • The alveoli lose elasticity and become dilated and do not exchange gases well

22. Disorders of the Respiratory System (Continued) • Hantavirus • A respiratory condition spread by breathing in materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer, mice, and chipmunks • Hay fever • A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens such as plants, dust, and food • Lung cancer • Directly linked to smoking and smoke products

23. Disorders of the Respiratory System (Continued) • Pleural effusion • A condition in which air or fluid enters the pleural cavity • Pleurisy • An inflammation of the membranes that line the lungs • Pneumonia • An inflammation of the lungs, in which a buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing

24. Disorders of the Respiratory System (Continued) • Pneumoconiosis • An inflammation in the lungs caused by inhaled irritants • Respiratory acidosis • A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH • Respiratory alkalosis • A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood

25. Disorders of the Respiratory System (Continued) • Respiratory distress syndrome • A condition that occurs when the alveoli do not inflate properly • Sinusitis • An inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) • A respiratory disorder of newborns

26. Disorders of the Respiratory System (Continued) • Tuberculosis • Caused by bacteria that are difficult to destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air • Upper respiratory infection • Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose, pharynx, or larynx

27. Issues and Innovations • Tobacco issues • Cigarette smoking has been linked to many illnesses • Nonsmokers face same risks because they are subjected to “passive,” “secondhand,” or “sidestream” smoke • Harmful effects of “smokeless” tobacco: • Leukoplakia • Mouth cancer • Heart disease

28. Leukoplakia

29. Issues and Innovations (Continued) • Environmental health risks • Black lung disease • Miners who inhale coal dust • Asbestos • Chronic scarring of the lung tissue • Berylliosis • Inhalation of beryllium used in fluorescent light bulbs • Toxic chemicals used in the computer industry • Sick building syndrome • Elevated levels of carbon dioxide cause sickness • Toxic mold • Stachybotrys or Chaetomium produces mycotoxins that are poisonous