Ⓒ Richard Mayberry

1. Ⓒ Richard Mayberry The Fire of Life Respiration

2. Respiration burns glucose to release Energy

3. Respiration has three Stages Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport

4. Glycolysis Breakdown of Glucose

5. Glycolysis ADP ATP ‘C6’ C6~P C6H12O6 GLUCOSE ATP gives a phosphate to the glucose.

6. Glycolysis ADP ADP ATP ATP ‘C6’ C6~P P~C6~P C6H12O6 GLUCOSE A second ATP gives another phosphate to the glucose.

7. C3~P C3~P PGAL PGAL Glycolysis ADP ADP ATP ATP ‘C6’ C6~P P~C6~P C6H12O6 GLUCOSE The 6 carbon sugar splits into 2 PGAL’s.

8. NADH NADH NAD NAD C3~P PGA C3~P C3~P ADP ADP ATP ATP PGAL PGAL ADP+P ATP C3~P PGA ADP+P ATP Glycolysis ‘C6’ C6~P P~C6~P C6H12O6 GLUCOSE NAD takes a hydrogen from each PGAL and releases enough energy for 2 ATP’s.

9. ATP ATP ADP ADP C3 C3~P C3~P Pyruvic Acid ADP ADP ATP ATP PGAL PGAL C3 Pyruvic Acid Glycolysis NADH NAD C3~P PGA ADP+P ATP ‘C6’ C6~P P~C6~P C6H12O6 NADH GLUCOSE NAD C3~P PGA ADP+P ATP ADP removes the phosphate from each PGA to produce Pyruvic Acids.

10. Under normal conditions, Pyruvic Acid is the end-product of Glycolysis

11. Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm Kreb's Cycle reactions occur in the Mitochondrion

12. O C2 Acetyl O C3 C2 Acetyl Pyruvic Acid CO2 Mitochondrial Matrix Cytoplasm C3 Pyruvic Acid Oxygen takes away carbon dioxide as the molecules enter the mitochondrion. CO2

13. Kreb's Citric Acid Cycle

14. CoA NAD NADH C2 Cytoplasm Mitochondrial Matrix C2-CoA CoA C2 Kreb’s Cycle C4 Acid Acetyl CoA ‘escorts’ each acetyl into the Kreb’s Cycle. Entering the Cycle C2 Acetyl

15. Mitochondrial Matrix NADH CoA C2 NAD CO2 NAD C2CoA O NADH C4 Acid NAD NADH NAD O NADH FAD ADP+P CO2 FADH ATP C6 Citric Acid (C2+C4) Acid C6 Kreb’s Cycle C5 C4 Acid C4 Acid Picks apart each acetyl. C5 C4 C4 C4

16. Mitochondrial Matrix NADH CoA C2 NAD CO2 NAD C2CoA O NADH C4 Acid NAD NADH NAD O NADH FAD ADP+P CO2 FADH ATP C6 Citric Acid (C2+C4) Acid C6 Kreb’s Cycle C5 C4 Acid C4 Acid X 2 C5 C4 C4 C4

17. Electron Transport

18. Occurs along the Cristae of the inner membrane

19. Enzyme A Enzyme B Enzyme C Enzyme D Cristae The Cristae membrane has a series of embedded enzymes Each enzyme accepts a lower energy Hydrogen ion

20. ADP+P ADP+P ADP+P ATP ATP ATP Enzyme A H Enzyme B H Enzyme C H Enzyme D NADH H NAD Hydrogen acceptors pass excited electrons to the highest enzymes As the hydrogen passes 'down' to lower energy enzymes, ATP is formed at each transfer

21. (10x) ADP+P ADP+P ADP+P ATP ATP ATP Enzyme A H Enzyme B H Enzyme C H Enzyme D NADH H NAD This process repeats for each of the 10 NAD's from each glucose. Energy from NAD can produce 30 ATP's from each glucose.

22. FADH ADP+P ADP+P ATP ATP Enzyme A H Enzyme B FAD H Enzyme C H Enzyme D 2x The 2 FADH's from each glucose account for 4 more ATP's. FADH is lower in energy and passes its H's to lower energy enzymes.

23. Enzyme A O Enzyme B Enzyme C H Enzyme D Meanwhile, energy depleted hydrogens are building up at the end of the chain. H H 6x H` H Six molecules of water are formed this way. H H Oxygen atoms 'swoop' in and pick up pairs of hydrogens forming water molecules. H2O

24. Balanced Equation C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Everything else is ‘recycled’.

25. FADH’s: 4 ATP’s -2 ATP’s Activation Energy: Total ATP production from one glucose: Glycolysis: 4 ATP’s Kreb’s Cycle: 2 ATP’s NADH’s: 30 ATP’s 40 ATP’s Total Potential : 38 ATP’s

26. Fermentation: Anaerobic Respiration

27. C3~P C3~P ADP ADP ATP ATP PGAL PGAL ATP NADH ADP NAD C3 C3~P PGA Pyruvic Acid ADP+P ATP ‘C6’ C6~P P~C6~P C6H12O6 NADH ATP GLUCOSE NAD ADP C3 C3~P PGA Pyruvic Acid ADP+P ATP Glycolysis ends with the production of Pyruvic Acid and a net profit of 2 ATP's. Fermentation allows continued Glycolysis by freeing up the NAD acceptors. Respiration can go no further without oxygen. BUT, a profit of 2 ATP's is better than none.

28. C3~P PGAL C3 Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Fermentation ATP NADH ADP NADH NAD C3 C3~P H PGA Pyruvic Acid ADP+P ATP Placing the hydrogens from NADH on the Pyruvic Acid converts it to Lactic Acid and frees up NAD to capture more hydrogen.

29. C3~P PGAL C2H5OH Ethyl Alcohol CO2 Alcoholic Fermentation ATP NADH ADP NADH NAD H C3 C3~P PGA Pyruvic Acid ADP+P ATP In yeast and other microorganisms, adding H back to the Pyruvic Acid produces two products: carbon dioxide and alcohol.

30. Both of these processes allow Respiration to continue producing at least some ATP's from glucose until more oxygen is available.