1 / 64

The Carbohydrates

The Carbohydrates. Sugars Starches Fiber. Carbohydrates (CH 2 O) n. Simple carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Complex carbohydrates. Simple Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose (dextrose, blood sugar) Fructose Galactose. Glucose. Fructose & Galactose.

Download Presentation

The Carbohydrates

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. The Carbohydrates Sugars Starches Fiber

  2. Carbohydrates (CH2O)n • Simple carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Disaccharides • Complex carbohydrates

  3. Simple Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • C6H12O6 • Glucose (dextrose, blood sugar) • Fructose • Galactose

  4. Glucose

  5. Fructose & Galactose

  6. Condensation

  7. Hydrolysis

  8. Disaccharides • Maltose = glucose + glucose • Sucrose = glucose + fructose • Lactose = glucose + galactose

  9. Complex Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • Glycogen (animal) • Starches (plant) • Fibers (non-starch polysaccharides)-not digested well.

  10. Glycogen & Starch Molecules Compared (small Segments)

  11. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Cellulose • Hemicelluloses • Pectins

  12. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Gums and mucilages • Lignin • Resistant starches

  13. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Soluble fibers • Viscous-Gums, pectins • Fermentable

  14. Complex Carbohydrates • Fibers • Insoluble fibers • Nonviscous-cellulose, lignins, resistant starches • (Phytic acid)

  15. Digestion • Mouth • Salivary amylase • Stomach • Fibers and satiety

  16. Digestion • Small intestine • Maltase, sucrase, lactase • Pancreas • Pancreatic amylase

  17. Carbohydrate Digestion in the GI Tract

  18. Digestion • Large intestine • Fermentation of viscous fibers • Water, gas, short-chain fatty acid production

  19. Absorption

  20. Lactose Intolerance • Symptoms-gas production, nausea, etc. • Causes • Lactase deficiency

  21. Lactose Intolerance • Prevalence-variable • Dietary changes • Does not require the elimination of milk/milk products • Acidophilus milk

  22. Glucose in the Body • Energy • Glycoproteins • Glycolipids

  23. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Storing glucose as glycogen (1/3) • Using glucose for energy

  24. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Making glucose from protein • Gluconeogenesis • Protein-sparing action of carbohydrates

  25. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Making ketone bodies from fat fragments • Ketone bodies • Ketosis • Acid-base balance

  26. Carbohydrate Metabolism • Converting glucose to fat • Energetically expensive

  27. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Regulating hormones • Insulin-uptake of sugar • Glucagon-release of sugar • Epinephrine-release (fight or flight)

  28. Maintaining Blood Glucose Homeostasis

  29. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Diabetes • Type 1 diabetes • Failure of insulin production • Type 2 diabetes-fat cells are insulin resistant! • Obesity

  30. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Hypoglycemia • Rare in healthy people

  31. Constancy of Blood Glucose • Glycemic response • Glycemic index

  32. Sugars • Added sugars • Sucrose, invert sugar, corn syrups, etc.

  33. Sugars • Health effects of sugars • Nutrient deficiencies?

  34. Sugars • Health effects of sugars • Dental caries • Dental plaque

  35. Accusations Against Sugars • Sugar causes obesity? • Sugar causes heart disease?

  36. Accusations Against Sugars • Sugar causes misbehavior in children and criminal behavior in adults? • Sugar causes cravings and addictions? • serotonin

  37. Recommended Intakes of Sugars • DRI • No more than 25% of total daily energy intake

  38. Carbs. Part II: Practical Aspects of Starches and Fibers

  39. Starch and Fiber • Health effects • Heart disease • Diabetes • GI health

  40. Starch and Fiber • Health effects • Cancer • Weight management • Harmful effects of excessive fiber intake

  41. Viscous Fibers

  42. Nonviscous Fibers

  43. Starch and Fiber • RDA for carbohydrate • 130 g/day • 45% - 65% total daily energy intake • Daily Value: 300 g/day

  44. Starch and Fiber • Fiber • Daily Value: 25 g/day • AI: 14 g/1000 kcal/day

  45. Grains Guidelines to Groceries

More Related