Port Security: Issues and Challenges for Asia and the West

1. Port Security: Issues and Challenges for Asia and the West Eva Lerner-LamChair, ASCE Transportation Security Committee Charles F. BarkerVice-Chair, ASCE Transportation Security Committee NACOTA/WCTA Symposium Transportation Development in China Washington, DC, January 12, 2003

2. Background • Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) countries account for over 50 percent of the world's trade, 21 of the world's 30 top container seaports, and 23 of the world's 30 busiest airports. • Approximately 90 percent of the world's cargo moves by container. • Globally over 48 million cargo containers move between major seaports each year. Each year, more than 16 million containers arrive in the United States by ship, truck, and rail.

3. Importance of Container Trade • The volume of trade moving through the nation’s 102 seaports has nearly doubled since 1995. • In 2001, U.S. Customs processed more than 214,000 vessels and 5.7 million sea containers. • Approximately 90 percent of the world’s cargo moves by container. • Globally, over 48 million full cargo containers move between major seaports each year.

4. Importance of APEC • The current price GDP for APEC economies for year 2001 is US$19,293 billion and APEC's percentage of global trade for the year 2001 is 47.5%.

5. Importance to Trade • Each year, more than 16 million containers arrive in the United States by ship, truck, and rail. • Customs processed 25 million entries in 2001. • More than $1.2 trillion in imported goods passed through the nation’s 301 ports of entry in 2001. Almost half of the incoming U.S. trade (by value) arrives by ship.

6. Asian Ports Among the Top 20 Exporters to the United States 1) Hong Kong2) Shanghai, China3) Singapore4) Kaohsiung Taiwan6) Pusan, Republic of Korea8) Tokyo, Japan10) Yantian, China12) Nagoya, Japan18) Kobe, Japan19) Yokohama, Japan20) Laem Chabang, Thailand

7. The Challenge of Protecting Complex, Open Systems • Transportation systems are complex: • Multi-jurisdictional modes • Multi-modal jurisdictions • Containers are critical to efficiency and effectiveness

8. Types of Container Threats • Stowaways • Dirty Bombs • Chemical Release • Conventional Explosives • Biological Terror • GPS Release mechanisms

9. What are the Issues? • Fighting terror while promoting trade • Preventing the tools of transport from becoming tools of terrorism • Mobilizing military materiel and supplies in times of high alert

10. Who is Involved? • US Government agencies • Trade Development Agency (TDA) • Department of Defense • Department of Justice • Department of Transportation (DOT) • Customs and Immigration (Customs and INS)) • Transportation Command (TRANSCOM) • Maritime Administration (MARAD) • Regional trade associations • APEC • Commercial trading partners and middlemen

11. What’s Been Done to Secure our Ports? • Multiple fronts • Key Initiatives

12. Multiple Fronts • Vessel Integrity • Access Controls • Procedural Security • Accurate Manifests • Personnel Security • Facility Security • Education and Training

13. Key Initiatives • Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C-TPAT) • Customs Container Security Initiative (CSI) • Secure Trade in the Asia-Pacific Region (STAR) • Critical Infrastructure Protection Program (CIPP) • National Port Readiness Network (NPRN)

14. Customs Trade Partnership against Terrorism (C-TPAT) Cooperative, voluntary endeavor between the trade community and U.S. Customs Service to develop, enhance, and maintain effective security processes throughout the global supply chain

15. U.S. Customs Container Security Initiative (CSI) Minimize risk of terrorist use of global containerized cargo by: • using automated information to identify and target high-risk containers • pre-screening those containers identified as high-risk before they arrive at U.S. ports • using detection technology to quickly pre-screen high-risk containers, and • using smarter, tamper proof containers

16. Secure Trade in the APEC Region' (STAR) • APEC initiative • Objectives are to protect cargo, ships, international aviation and people in transit • Heavy emphasis on standardization and real-time use of data on freight and passengers

17. Critical Infrastructure Protection Program (CIPP) • Led by USTRANSCOM (DOD) • Response to Presidential Decision Directive 63, May 22, 1998 • Energy, information and communications, banking and finance • Public-private partnership • National organizational structure • Federal departments and National Assurance Plan

18. National Port Readiness Network Created in 1984 by: • MARAD • U.S. Army Corp of Engineers • U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) • Military Traffic Management Command • Military Sealift Command • United States Joint Forces Command • United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) • Maritime Defense Zone • U.S. Forces Command

19. The Future • Defining a security “process” • Will involve: • identifying and implementing partnerships and • handling of sensitive information

20. Role and Importance of Technology • “One more tool” in the security toolbox • Uses: • Intelligence gathering • Positive identification and location • Logistical tracking

21. Role and Importance of Professional Societies • Information Sharing • Education • Training • Development of Guidance for Practitioners and Regulators

22. ASCE Transportation Security Committee • Cross-cutting committee of the new Transportation and Development Institute of ASCE • Two Task Committees: • Transportation Operations Security • Transportation Infrastructure Security

23. ASCE Transportation Security Committee • Major Conference in 2004 • Homeland Security Warning System • Design Guidelines for Barriers • User’s Guide Series on Security • “Transportation Security 101” • National Teleconferences on transportation security topics

24. Contact • Eva Lerner-Lam, Chair • Charles Barker, P.E., Vice Chair • Alain Kornhauser, Ph.D., P.E., Task Committee Chair for Transportation Operations Security • Charles Neubauer, Ph.D., P.E., Task Committee Chair for Transportation Infrastructure Security • Amar Chaker, Ph.D., P.E., ASCE Staff Contact