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Welcome

University of Zagreb Faculty of Textile Technology Prilaz baruna Filipovica 28a, Zagreb, Croatia www.ttf.unizg.hr. Welcome. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7 th , 2013. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7 th , 2013. History :.

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Welcome

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  1. University of ZagrebFaculty of Textile TechnologyPrilaz baruna Filipovica 28a, Zagreb, Croatiawww.ttf.unizg.hr

  2. Welcome Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  3. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. History: • The independent study of the textile technology in Croatia started at the beginning of 1960 as a study at the Faculty of Technology in Zagreb • first only textile chemical engineering, then later mechanical and clothing engineering • and at three independent colleges of textiles in DugaResa, Varaždin and Zagreb • In 1991 the Institute of Textile and Clothing was organized as an independent Institution named Faculty of Textile Technology of the University of Zagreb

  4. Departments: • Department of Materials, Fibres and Textile Testing • Department of Textile Design and Management • Department of Clothing Technology • Department of Textile and Clothing Design • Department of Fundamental Natural and Engineering Sciences • Department of Textile Chemistry and Ecology • Department of Applied Chemistry • Study in Varaždin • Centre for Development and Transfer of Textile and Clothing Technologies and Fashion Design Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  5. Wastewater of Textile Industrywith an emphasis on laundries Tihana Dekanic, B.Sc. e-mail: tdekanic@ttf.hr Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  6. The Textile industry: • use high volume of water throughout its operation • produce large quantities of wastewaters • is very diverse • broad manufacturing sector • main pollution come from dyeing and finishing processes (require the input of a wide range of chemicals and dyestuffs – organic compounds of complex structure) 1. INTRODUCTION • Major pollutants are: • high suspended solids • heat • colour • acidity or alkalinity • other soluble substances Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  7. Classification of fibers: • by TYPE • by LENGTH • by SIZE 2. FIBERS Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  8. COTTON • Features: • soft fibers • fiber – single elongated cell – twisted and ribbon like – wide inner hollow (lumen) • 90% cellulose, 6% moisture, other fats and impurities • Properties: • strength • durability • absorbent • comfortable • flexible • good resistant to alkalis • poor acid resistant • poor wrinkle resistance Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  9. WOOL • Features: • fibre – irregular, roughly cylindrical, multi cellular structure • three basic layers: epidermis (outer layer), cortex (middle layer) and medulla (inner layer) • Properties: • absorbent • lightweight • versatile • naturally UV protection • durable and elastic • non allergenic • biodegradable • flame retardant • easy care Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  10. POLYESTER • Features: • smooth, straight, round cross sectionally • rod-like shape • term „polyester” – mostly refers to polyethylene terephalate (PET) • Properties: • high melting temperature • strong • hydrophobic • resistant to stretching and shrinking • resistant to most chemicals • wrinkle resistant • abrasion resistant • easily washed Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  11. Cotton fibres before washing after 6 washing cycles after 50 washing cycles after 11 washing cycles • visible changes of mechanical properties during washing and drying

  12. Water: • water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds • three states of matter: • solid • liquid • gas • covers 71% of the Earth surface (96,5% in oceans, • 1,7% in ground water, 1,7% in glaciers and ice • caps and 0,001% in the air) • only 2,5% is fresh water and 98,8% of that water is in ice and • groundwater • less than 0,3% of all fresh water is in rivers, lakes and the atmosphere 3. THE NATURE OF WATER Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  13. Chemical and physical properties: • is liquid at standard temperature and pressure • polar molecule with electrical dipole moment due to non linear structure • high surface tension • have cappilary action • universal solvent • low electrical conductivity • density • thermal: specific heat and latent heat • viscosity • osmotic pressure • optical properties • electrical properties: dielectric constant, electrical conductivity Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  14. Absolutely pure water is never found in nature! According to Regulation on Water Classification, there are two groups of indicators of water quality: 1st groups: mandatory indicators (physical and chemical parameters, oxygen demand, microbiological and biological indicators) 2nd groups: metals, organic compounds, radioactivity 4. WATER QUALITY INDICATORS Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  15. PHYSICAL INDICATORS: • 1.1.Suspended matters • This includes all matter suspended in water that is large enough to be retained on a filter with a given porosity. • 1.2. Turbidity • Measures the amount of suspended particles in water • 1.3. Colour • The color of a water sample can be reported as: • Apparent color is the color of the whole water sample, and consists of color from both dissolved and suspended components • True color is measured after filtering the water sample to remove all suspended materials Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  16. PHYSICAL INDICATORS: • 1.4. Transparency • Transparency measures how far light can penetrate a body of water. • 1.5. Conductivity Conductivity (k)is transmission speed of electrical charge through the material (mS/cm). In water is affected by the presence of inorganic dissolved solids such as chloride, sulfate, sodium, calcium and others. • 1.6. Odour and taste • Water odour can cause organic substances.Tastewater could be indicators of changes in water sources or treatment process. Inorganic compounds such as magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, iron, and zinc are generally detected by the taste of water. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  17. PHYSICAL INDICATORS: • 1.7. Temperature • Normal temperature: 22°C (limit value of wastewater temperature is 30°C) • Sources: sunlight, thermal pollution • Effects: amount of oxygen that can dissolve, photosynthetic rate, metabolic rates change, senitivity to toxic wastes. • Water temperature fluctuates seasonally, resulting in thermal stratification in deeper water. • Wastewater: commonly higher; vary from • season to season and with geographic • location Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. The stratification of a lake in the summer

  18. CHEMICAL INDICATORS 2.1.Total dissolved solids TDS is a measure of the combined content of all organic and inorganic substances contained in a water in: molecular, ionized or micro-granular suspended form 2.2. pH pH is measure of acidity in water (hydrogen ion concentration) pH = - log [ H+ ] 2 6 14 0 1 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. neutral acid alkaline

  19. CHEMICAL INDICATORS • 2.3. Alkalinity • Alkalinity is the quantitative capacity of water to neutralize an acid. Expressed in mg/l CaCO3. Wastewater is normally alkaline. • 2.4. Hardness • Calcium and magnesium salt content • Temporary hardness - carbonates and bicarbonates, can be removed by boiling • equilibrium: CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇋ Ca2+ + 2HCO3− • Permanent hardness - sulfates, chlorides, other anions Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. Classification of water by German Hardness

  20. CHEMICAL INDICATORS • 2.5. Dissolved gases • Prime importance in considering the quality of water along with the other physical and chemical characteristics. • Important gases dissolved in waters: • oxygen • carbon dioxide • nitrogen • ammonia • hydrogen sulfide • sulfur dioxide • chlorine etc. • 2.6. Organic matters • Organic matter - organic material present in surface or ground water. • Division to: biodegradable and non-biodegradable. • Three major sources: • the breakdown of naturally occurring organic materials • commercial and domestic chemical wastes • chemical reactions that occur during water treatment and filtration processes Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  21. CHEMICAL INDICATORS • 2.7. Nutrients • Nutrients in wastewater: • organic carbon • nitrogen • phosphorus • potassium • Required for the primary production of organic matter • 2.8. Metals • Most of them are dissolved in water. Can cause public health or aesthetic problems (taste, odour, colour) if not removed. • Can be divided into: • non-toxic: arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, silver • toxic: sodium, iron, manganese, aluminum, copper and zinc Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  22. CHEMICAL INDICATORS 2.9. BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) The amount of oxygen (mg O2/l) required by aerobic microorganisms to decompose the organic matter in a sample of water at 20°C. Measured after 5, 20 or 100 days (BOD5, BOD20 or BOD100). 2.10. COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) The amount of oxygen which is needed for the oxidation of all organic substances (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) in water (mg/l or g/m3). 2.11. TOC (Total Organic Carbon) To characterize the dissolved and suspended organic matter in water. 2.12. DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) To characterize only organic material that is actually dissolved, not suspended. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  23. CHEMICAL INDICATORS • 2.13. AOX (Adsorbable organic halogens) • The sum of parameters for water soluble "adsorbable organic halogens" in which 'A' stands for adsorbable, 'O' for organic and 'X' for the halogens chlorine, bromine and iodine. • 2.14. Other • fluorides (smaller amounts are good in preventing tooth decay) • chlorides (give salty taste, can cause corrosion) • sulfates (due to the dissolution of minerals can cause indigestion) • cyanides (very dangerous, point to pollution waste water) • radioactive substances (cause mutagenic changes, sterility, cancer) Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  24. 3. BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS: • Biological indicators (bioindicators) are organisms or communities of organisms, which reactions are observed representatively to evaluate a situation, giving clues for the condition of the whole ecosystem. • Measurement: • saprobic index • the degree of biological production • microbiological indicators (coliform bacteria, E-coli, faecal streptococcus) • the degree of toxicity Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  25. 3. BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS: • Surface water quality monitoring in Croatia • continuous monitoring in Republic of Croatia started in the 1950’ • water quality monitoring is mainly based on physico-chemical parameters • since 2000 water quality assessment is significantly improved • sampling and assessment of water quality is done in accordance with Croatian(HRN) or International norms (ISO-EN) in authorized laboratories Biological surface water quality determinants being monitored according to Water Classification Act (“National Gazette” , NN 77/98) are: Saprobic index (Pantle – Buck), Extended Biotic Index and Trophy status (lakes) Bioindicator system that is currently in use in Croatia: Wegl (1983) Analysed communities: Benthic macroinvertebrates Periphyton Bioseston HRIS - national bioindicator system (2005) Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  26. Croatia: the quality indicators of industrial wastewater discharged into the public sewage system or into surface watercourses and their limits are prescribed and explained in the Regulation on limit values ​​and other hazardous substances in wastewater Parameters and Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC)for laundrywastewater with applicable standards Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  27. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  28. The common characteristics of textile wastewater are: • high chemical oxygen demand (COD) • high biological oxygen demand (BOD) • high temperature • high pH • solid materials • phenol, sulphure and the colours caused by different dyes 5. WASTEWATER OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY Wastewater of textile industry are changeable inamount and composition. The 1streason ofpollutants: is the natural impurity in fibres. The 2nd reason: is the chemical materials thatare used in processes. A huge amount of dye, carriers, chrome and its derivations and sulphur arefound in wastewater. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  29. Textile industry is a very diverse sector in terms of raw materials, processes, products and equipment and has very complicated industrial chain. Main pollution came from dyeing and finishing processes. These processes require a wide range of chemicals and dyestuffs, which are generally organic compounds of complex structure. Because all of them are not contained in the final product, became waste and caused disposal problems. Besides its complex forms, textile wastewater creates problems due to their high volume. This industry takes place in the first ranks on account of water consumption. The other problem is that it produces wastewater in different forms and volumes since textile industry has many subdivisions. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  30. Major pollutants in textile wastewaters are high suspended solids, COD, heat, colour, acidity and other soluble substances. Substances which need to be removed from textile wastewater are mainly COD, BOD, nitrogen, heavy metals and dystuffs. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  31. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. • Washing is a complex process that is occurs in an aqueous meduim with the influence of four parameters: • temperature • time • mechanics • chemistry • All factors are important and need to be optimized in order to achieve a good results of washing. • Particulary is important a hygienic aspects of quality control in the textile laundry from hospital, nursing homes, food and pharmaceutical industries, where is very important disinfection (thermal, chemical or chemo-thermal). • Disinfection effect depends on temperature, concentration of disinfectants, time of action, the presence of microorganisms and the structure of the environment. LAUNDRIES AND WASTEWATER OF LAUNDRIES

  32. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. Factors that influence on washing effects:

  33. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  34. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. Generally: • laundering is an energy intensive process • more than 90% of energy for washing is used to heat the water - thus lowtemperature washing should be a great energy saver • however an important factor to consider is that reducing the washing temperature decreases the degree of disinfection and increases the possibility of cross-infection of textiles washed in the same load

  35. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. • preparation of technological water (ion exchangers: synthetic resins and ion exchange)

  36. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. An important criteria at industrial laundry are hygienic conditions, especially in the case of hospital laundry and laundry from food industry. It is referring to the disinfection of all work areas, vehicles, auxiliary devices (transport truck), employees and equipment. Wastewater due to the pollution source

  37. When wastewater (effluent) discharged into a river body such as lake, river or sea, a number of process occur which cause loss of organisms • It is necessary to treat effluent or waste before discharging in water body • The types of water treatment are regularly used to: • improve water quality • remove microorganisms • reduce the level of toxic substances • The treatment procedure are generally divided into three groups: • PRIMARY TREATMENT (mechanical treatment) • SECONDARY TREATMENT (biological treatment) • TERTIARY TREATMENT(advanced biological or chemical treatment) 6. PURIFICATION OF TEXTILE WASTEWATERS Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  38. PRIMARY TREATMENT - mechanical treatment • suspended solids and floating material is removed • physical and/or chemical treatment • Sedimentation: • the suspended and colloidal impurities are separated in sedimentation tank by gravitation • the main principle: allow water to rest or flow at a very slow velocity - heavier particles settle down due to gravity • settling of particles depend on velocity of flow, size, shape and specific gravity of particles and viscosity of liquid • the velocity of water decreased by increasing the length of flow Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  39. PRIMARY TREATMENT - mechanical treatment • Coagulation/Floculattion: • sedimentationis not sufficient to remove all the suspended matter • coagulation is used to remove colloidal particles from water • coagulation- process in which certain chemical agent is mixed with water then colloidal and suspended particles are agglomerated and form insoluble metal hydroxide known as flocks • coagulation: is the destabilization of colloidal particles brought about by the addition of a chemical reagent called as coagulant • floculattion: is the agglomeration of particles into microfloc and after into bulky floccules which can be settled • the factors which can promote the coagulation-flocculation are: • the velocity gradient • the timet • he pH Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  40. PRIMARY TREATMENT - mechanical treatment • Filtration: • to remove colloidal and suspended matter remaining after sedimentation • the water pass through thick layer of sand or porous material which retain coarse impurities on its surface and in pores • does not remove dissolved solids • as filtration media may be used: • quartz sand • silica sand • anthracite coal • garnet • magnetite and other materials Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  41. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. • SECONDARY TREATMENT - biological treatment • microorganism play important role for the treatment of effluent • microorganism decompose the organic waste • classified into AEROBIC and ANAEROBIC treatment • AEROBIC TREATMENT: • carried out by microorganism in the presence of oxygen • based on principle autopurification • ANAEROBIC TREATMENT: • carried out by aerobes in the absence of oxygen

  42. Major differences in aerobic and anaerobic treatment Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  43. Aerobic • Activated sludge process • most versatile biological oxidation process • treatment of waste water contain dissolved solid, collides, rough solid and organic matter • sewage from sedimentation tank enter into aeration tank • active sludge is mixed for about 4 to 8 hours • the microorganisms oxidize organic matter in the presence of abundant quantity of oxygen in the aeration tank • sewage is settle in secondary sedimentation tank • some portion of activated sludge is recalculated into the aeration tank • contain a large number of aerobic bacteria and other microorganisms Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  44. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. Aerobic • Trickling filters (TF) - biotowers • are used to remove organic matter from wastewater • an aerobic treatment system • enable organic material in the wastewater to be adsorbed by a population of microorganisms (aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative bacteria; fungi; algae; and protozoa) attached to the medium as a biological film or slime layer • the wastewater flows over the medium - microorganisms form a film - the organic material is degraded by the aerobic microorganisms in the outer part of the layer • layer thickens through microbial growth - oxygen cannot penetrate the medium face - anaerobic organisms develop - biological film continues to grow - microorganisms near the surface lose their ability to cling to the medium - a portion of the slime layer falls off the filter (so-called sloughing) • sloughed solids are picked up and transported to a clarifier for removal from the wastewater

  45. Aerobic Advantages and disadvantages of Trickling filters (biotowers) Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  46. Aerobic Aerated pond - lagoon • wastewater is purified by action of algae and aerobic bacteria • organic matter are decomposed by bacteria and are consumed by algae • oxygen is released during the process of photosynthesis • aerobic bacteria get O2 from atmosphere and convert the organic matter present in CO2 which is again taken by algae during the process of photosynthesis Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013.

  47. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. Anaerobic treatment • biological agents are used to remove the contaminant from water in the absence of oxygen • biological agents include microorganisms which break down biodegradable material present in sludge after it is filtered from polluted water (so-called anaerobic digestion) • huge sealed tanks • microorganisms breakdown the sludge and convert it to organic acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and ammonia • in the later stages the sludge remains are converted to biogas by methanogen • biological anaerobic treatment is a very low energy process • ideal for treating wastewater which is high in soluble BOD and/or COD

  48. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. Bioremediation • process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plantsor their enzymes to return the natural environmentaltered by contaminants to its original condition • types of bioremediation: • In situ – at the site • Ex situ– away from the site • advantages: • low cost • minimal site disruption • simultaneous treatment of contaminated water and soil • minimal exposure of public and site personnel • disadvantages: • time consuming • seasonal variation • problematic addition of additives

  49. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. • TERTIARY TREATMENT • - advanced biological or chemical treatment • to decrease the content of nitrogen and phosphorous compound in the effluent • Disinfection • Water is disinfected to kill any pathogens which pass through the filters and to provide a residual dose of disinfectant to kill or inactivate potentially harmful microorganisms in the storage and distribution systems • Chlorine disinfection • the most common disinfection method • chlorine – a strong oxidant - rapidly kills many harmful microorganisms danger of a release toxic gases - problem is avoided by the use of sodium hypochlorite

  50. Zagreb, Croatia, June 7th, 2013. • Chlorine dioxide disinfection • a faster acting disinfectant than elemental chlorine • chlorine dioxide is supplied as an aqueous solution and added to water to avoid gas handling problems • a powerful disinfectant, excellent for removing odours, destroys organic matter, viruses and spores • very explosive so cannot be stored • Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) • the aim of these methods is to mineralize the pollutants, i.e., to convert them entirely to CO2, H2O, and mineral acids such as HCl • most AOPs are ambient-temperature processes • generation of significant amounts of the hydroxyl free radical (OH.)– in aqueous solutionis a very effective oxidizing agent • the hydroxyl radical can initiate the oxidation of a molecule – by extraction of hydrogen atom, or addition to one atom of a multiple bond, or extract an electron from an anion

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