Periodization and China

1. Periodization and China

2. Rice is a primary food crop in East/South Asia • Asia produces 90% • Planted in flooded fields called “paddies” • Need heavy rainfall

3. China • XIA DYNASTY • c. 2000 – 1700 B.C.E. • Supposedly founded by Yu the Great • Based on legend – may not have existed

4. Shang Dynasty (1600-1100 B.C.E.) • Bronze Age • 1strecorded Chinese dynasty • Founded on the bend of the Huang He • 1st Chinese cities • Already using the wheel for chariots • Consulted oracle bones

5. Zhou Dynasty (1050-221 B.C.E.) • Founded by Wu • Located near Wei He • Leaders ruled through the Mandate of Heaven • Feudal States • Written language develops • Porcelain, Silk Industry

6. From a poor noble family • Confucius was an exceptional student who later became a teacher and a government official. Zhou Dynasty • (551-479 B.C.E.) • Family was poor nobility • Exceptional student • Teacher • Government civil servant Confucius

7. Confucius Continued • Never kiss a fool, or be fooled by a kiss. • The gentleman agrees with others without being an echo. The small man echoes without being in agreement. Analects 15.30 • If one is guided by profits in one’s actions, one will incur much ill will. Analects 14.24 • Do not worry because you have no position. Worry about your qualifications. Do not worry because no one appreciates your abilities. Seek to be worthy of appreciation. Analects 4.14 • What the gentleman demands is something of himself. What the petty man demands is something of others. • Anyone learning without thought is lost, anyone thinking but not learning is in peril.

8. Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.) • Iron Age • Ch’in = country’s name Terra Cotta Army Emperor Qin Shihuangdi • United China • 1st emperor • Brutal leader = Legalist • Centralized Government • Writing (Mandarin) • Weights and Measures standardized Great Wall

9. 206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E. Han Dynasty • Liu Bang started the Han dynasty • Han = main ethnic group today • Wudi enlarged empire; centralized government; created Civil Service • Confucianism = State philosophy • Civil Service examination & school required • Traded with the Romans indirectly via the Silk Road.

10. Population tripled • Mandarin = common written language • Buddhism brought by missionaries • Economy flourished • Linked cities with inland canals & roads Han Dynasty continued • Controlled the eastern end of the Silk Road • Built roads and defensive walls • Repelled Xiongnu (Mongolian nomads from the North)

11. Han Dynasty Inventions continued • Earthquake detector • Rudder • Paper • Collar harness • Watermill • Compass

12. Han Dynasty continued Han Collapse The Han Empire crumbled due to: • economic downfall • too much territorial expansion • nomadic invasions • conflict over dynastic succession ** Next300 years, China was racked by Civil Wars Wang Zhaojun

13. 581-618 C.E. Sui Dynasty • Ended the Post-Han chaos • 2nd Emperor = Sui Yangdi • Cruel, extravagant • Raised taxes to build the Grand Canal • Murdered • Ended Sui Dynasty • Grand Canal • linked the Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River and the Huang He (Yellow) River • Connected North/South

14. Tong Dynasty "Golden Age" 618 – 907 C.E. • Restored Civil Service • Gave peasants land • Controlled Tibet • Expanded boundaries • Trade Flourished • Neo-Confucianism grew as a response to Buddhism • Age of Poetry • Woodblock printing

15. Empress Wu Zhao • 625-705 C.E. • Accused the empress of murdering her child • 635: Emperor died • Empress Wu was supreme • Ruthless but capable leader • Allied with Korea • Lowered taxes

16. 960-1279 C.E. Song Dynasty • 907-960 = Civil Wars • Trade and Agriculture Flourished • Silk Road revived • Large bureaucracy • Civil Service Exam System was revived “Soong” • Lost control of Tibet • Constantly defending borders against Mongols • Moved capital to Hangzhou

17. Continued • Arts & Literature Flourished • Tri-colored porcelain • Movable type - print 1000s of scripts quickly Song Dynasty • Invented: • Steel • Gunpowder • Fire Lance • Cotton • Acupuncture

18. Social Classes • Scholar-gentry • Landowners • Peasants Culture • Brides’ family paid a dowry • Neo-Confucianism • response to Buddhism & Daoism • stressed active participation • shaped society and government • Buddhism – spread by missionaries Civil Service Exam

19. 1279-1368 Yuan Dynasty (Mongols) • 1279: Kublai Khan conquered China • Moved the capital to Khanbaliq = Beijing • Great Wealth, Prosperity, & Stability • Spread Chinese Culture & Islam throughout their empire

20. continued Yuan Dynasty • Buddhism = the state religion for awhile • Mongols kept separate = staffed bureaucracy with Mongols Causes of Collapse: • Foreign conquests too costly • Government corruption • Political instability • Overthrown= MingDynasty created

21. Genghis Khan • Real name = Temujin (Teh-MOO-juhn) • 1206 – elected Genghis Khan = “strong ruler” • Built the largest land empire in history • Death prevented his conquest of Europe • Broke enormous kingdom into khanates c 1160-1227 C.E.

22. 1206-1370 2nd Largest empire in World History

23. Mongols • Superb horsemen • Covered 120 miles a day • Cut their horse’s leg and drank the blood if thirsty • Invented the stirrup • Ride and shoot arrows • Greatly feared • “Barbaric”

24. Marco Polo • 1271 – traveled across Central Asia to China • 1275-1292 – diplomat for Kublai Khan 1254-1324 • 1298 – Imprisoned • Dictated journals • “Il Milione” = “Man with a million stories”

25. Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 • Established by Emperor Hongwu • Tried to remove all signs of Mongol rule • Centralized power and established direct rule by the emperor • Used eunuchs (sterile men who couldn’t produce a family to challenge the emperor’s dynasty • - Used Mandarins = emissaries sent out to enforce government policies • Reestablished Civil Service system based on Confucian values to ensure scholar-gentry bureaucracy based on ability—not friends or social standing

26. continued Ming Dynasty • China completed the Great Wall in the Ming period • Response to previous Mongol invasions • Successfully protected China from outside invaders • The only time that invaders got beyond the wall and invaded was when China was experiencing internal problems

27. continued Ming Dynasty Economy • Increased commercial activity + population increase led to economic expansion • New food groups from the Americas (maize & peanuts) were suitable for Chinese cultivation • Increased food = population increase • Rebuilt irrigation systems = agricultural surplus • Promoted manufacturing: silk, cotton, and porcelain • The silk trade was its most profitable = China protected the secret of silkmaking for many centuries • Demanded tribute from surrounding states

28. Columbian Exchange Began during the Ming Dynasty • European conquest of the new world brought changes on all sides • Movement of goods and ideas from each side is called the Columbian Exchange • 3 most important crops to Asia: • Maize • Sweet Potatoes • Peanuts • New crops improved diet and increased populations worldwide

29. Economy Ming Dynasty continued • Demand for Chinese goods = overseas trade expanded • European, Asian, and Muslim traders traded in China’s main port cities • Chinese merchant class grew in wealth and power

30. Between 1405-1433, China launched huge, state-sponsored trading expeditions to southern Asian and beyond • Enormous fleets • huge fleets = 62 ships, 28,000 men • brought back unimaginable wealth to China

31. Admiral Zheng He commanded the fleets • Muslim from western China • Well suited to deal with Muslims on southeast Asian trade routes • resented by Confucian bureaucrats

32. Traveled to Southeast Asia, Ceylon, India, the Persian Gulf, Arabia, and the East African coast • Established tributary relationships • Technologically advanced fleets and armies could face any adversary • Traded porcelain and silk from China • Luxury gifts (tributes) he received from the countries he visited included exotic African animals that were added to the Ming Dynasty’s zoo • Zheng He’s voyages demonstrated China’s ability to be a military, political, and economic power in the Indian Ocean

34. Chinese vessels dwarfed European ships • Europeans were no match for Chinese ships Chinese ships = 440 feet; Columbus’ ship = 75 feet

35. China canceled the fleets in 1433 • The Ming government didn’t trust Zheng He • Feared Mongolian attacks from the north • Used the money to strengthen defense and agriculture • The government destroyed his nautical charts • Zhenghe’s ships fell into disrepair • China’s withdrawal from world trade unintentionally cleared the way for European expansion and domination of world trade

36. ‘s Collapse • Inept Rulers • Emperors isolated themselves in the Forbidden City with their luxuries • Ignored the people’s hardships = starvation, cold weather (crop failures), and inability to pay taxes • 1636-1644 = Massive peasant revolt • 1644, a rebel army under Li Zicheng captured Beijing • Emperor Chongzhen hung himself = end of the Ming Dynasty

37. Qing Dynasty 1644-1911 • Peasant revolts were short-lived • Manchus from northeastern China (Manchuria) attacked • Manchus were less than 5% Chinese population

38. Qing Dynasty • Gunpowder empire = an empire who uses firearms to conquer territories and maintain control; mastery of naval and land-based siege cannons were particularly effective • Qing used cannons effectively against the Mongols • Marked the end of any serious nomadic threat on the inner Asian frontiers

39. Qing Dynasty • Strong Military leaders • Ruled under the Mandate of Heaven • Empire stretched from Manchuria to the island of Formosa (Taiwan) • Controlled Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Burma, Vietnam, and much of Central Asia • Negotiated an acceptable boundary with Russia

40. Qing Dynasty Economics • Full-scale trade with Europeans • Qing maintained a regulation of foreign trade • Limited trade to only 1 city = Guangzhou (Canton) • Important Chinese exports = tea, silk, & porcelain • Few imports were allowed = highly favorable balance of trade

41. Qing Dynasty The Opium Wars • Europeans had stronger navies, better weapons, and more effective armies • 1700’s, the Chinese were using opium on a small scale • 1820’s, the British East India Company began flooding China with opium grown in northeastern India • Opium became very popular in China

42. The Opium War • Fought 1839 -1842 • Began because the Qing Dynasty Rulerdecided not to permit the illegal trade of opium to continue in China • Sent a letter to Queen Victoria declaring the seizure of opium • Great Britain attacked China and fought for three years over the ability to trade opium • Great Britian won, and ended China’s isolation period What is Opium? Opium is a narcotic and can be used to make heroin.

43. The Taiping Rebellion • Fought 1850-1864 • Massive Civil War in China • Qing Dynasty versus Taiping Heavenly Kingdom • Between 20 and 30 million Chinese died during this war • Began as the leader Hong Xiuquan formed his own army and took over a portion of China • tried to institute several social reforms • Strict separation of the sexes and the abolition of foot binding • land socialization and the "suppression" of private trade • Tried to make Christianity the dominant religion • The Qing Dynasty finally put down the Rebellion with the help of the British and the French This rebellion was seen as heroic by Mao Zedong against a corrupt feudal system

44. Background to Sino-Japenese War takes place in Japan Emperor Meiji of Japan invited the United States to help modernize the country Industrialization takes place in Japan, bringing in steam engines, trains, telegraphs to Japan The army was modernized with guns, such as the Gatling gun. Japan entered the Modern Era MeijiRestoration1868

45. Sino-Japanese War • Fought between Meiji Japan and Qing Dynasty of China over Korea between 1894-1895 • Demonstrated the power and success of the modernization of Japan • Weakened the Qing Dynasty even further and showed a decline of Chinese classical tradition

46. America’s Open Door Policy • Not to be outdone by the Europeans, the United States created its own Chinese foreign policy. (1899) • Open Door Policy • China would now be “open” to any trading and colonizing ventures, not just Europe.

47. The Boxer Rebellion Boxer Soldiers • 1898-1901 • Violent anti-Christian and anti-Westerners movement • Marched on the embassies in Beijing • Put down by the Eight Nation Alliance • Reparations forced the Qing Dynasty to pay money to the Eight Nation Alliance Eight Nation Alliance: Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States

48. ChinaRevolution • China was weakened by the foreign intervention and rebellions within its own wall. • All of this helped to set off the Chinese Revolution in 1911.

49. ChinaRevolution The Collapse of the old order • The Manchu government collapsed under both internal and external pressures • Example: • The Opium War, external pressure • The Taiping revolution, internal pressure. • The Boxer rebellion: internal pressure and external when foreign armies helped crush the Manchu dynasty.

50. New Chinese Republic Sun Yixian • Reforms too little, too late • Radicals in Japan, U.S. called for overthrow of Qing dynasty, creation of new Chinese Republic • Sun Yixian, known in West as Sun Yat-sen, most prominent of radicals • Based revolutionary ideology on three basic principles—nationalism, democracy, “people’s livelihood” • Last of these involved equality in land ownership, often translated as socialism China The 1911 Revolution • After Boxer defeat, Qing officials began to enact reforms • Eliminated system of examinations for officials • Tried to establish primary, secondary schools • Took steps to create national army • Created elected provincial assemblies