Chapter 4 The Early Greeks Section 1

1. Chapter 4The Early GreeksSection 1 By Deborah Thompson

2. Main Idea: The Geography of Greece influenced where people settled and what they did.

3. Greece is a Mountainousland Framed by sparkling Blue water. It is surrounded by the Ionian Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the east The Geography Of Greece Greece is made up of many rocky islands which stretch across the Mediterranean Sea to Asia The Greek mainland makes up apeninsula or a body of land with water on three sides

6. How did early Greeks make a living? Others settled in farming communities Many ancient Greeks made a living from the sea and became fishers, sailors, and traders. Although Greece’s rocky soil was not ideal for growing crops, in some places people could grow wheat, barley, olives, and grapes. They also raised sheep and goats.

7. How was ancient Greece affected by it's geography? The Greek islands were divided by mountains and seas and the early Greek communities grew fiercely independent of one another.

9. Main Idea: The Minoans earned their living by building ships and trading. The Minoans

10. Did you know? The Minoans were not Greeks, but their civilization was the first to arise in the region that later became Greece. The Minoans lived on the island of Crete which lies southeast of the Greek mainland. In 1990, Arthur Evans uncovered the ruins of the palace at Knossos which had been the center of Minoan civilization.

11. KNOSSOS The palace at Knossos revealed the riches of an ancient society. 1. Storerooms packed with oil, wine, and grain It contained 5. Workshops for making jewelry, vases, and small ivory statues 3. Twisting passageways 2. Private quarters for the royal family 4. Bathrooms

12. Minoan Fresco at the Palace of Knossos http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth.html.

13. The bull was a symbol of power, strength, and virility for the ancient Minoans. The Minotaur

15. Minoan art and architecture

17. Minoans made their wealth from trade. Carried goods as Far away as Egypt and Syria Built ships from Oak and Cedar trees Controlled the eastern Mediterranean Sea by 2000 B.C. Kept the sea free Of pirates Traded pottery and Stone vases for Ivory and metals

18. Minoans created and traded pottery, leather, bronze armor, and metal jewelry. They also enjoyed sports such as boxing and bull leaping. http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg

19. About 1450 B.C., the Minoan civilization suddenly collapsed!! Why! Why! Why! Possible reasons RUN FOR YOUR LIFE!! Undersea earthquakes Tsunami waves Mycenaean invaders from mainland Greece

20. Mystery of the Minoans

21. The fall of Minoan civilization is described in the legendary fight of Theseus, a young Greek prince and the Minotaur. Relief Sculpture of Theseus and defeated Minotaur http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/Myth3web/05atheseusmincan.jpg

22. Radiohead “Creep”: The Minoans

23. The First Kingdoms Main Idea: Mycenaeans built the first Greek kingdoms and spread their power across the Mediterranean region.

24. Originally from central Asia, the Mycenaeans invaded the Greek mainland around 1900 B.C. and conquered the people living there. • Mycenaean leaders became the first Greek kings. • The ruins of a walled palace in Mycenae were found in the 1800’s by Heinrich Schliemann who named their civilization the Mycenaeans.

25. What were Mycenaean kingdoms like? 3 Large farms, or estates, outside the palace walls that belonged to the nobles Contained a fortified palace on a hill at the center which was the home of the ruler 1 2 Palace was surrounded by giant stone walls 4 5 Slaves and farmers lived on the estates Everyone took shelter inside the fortress In times of danger

26. Inside the Mycenaean palace Artisans Government officials • Tanned leather • Sewed clothes • Made jars forwine and • olive oil • Made bronze swords • and ox-hide shields • Kept track of the • wealth of every person • Collected wheat, • livestock, and honey • astaxes and stored • them in the palace

27. Power from trade and war Minoan traders visited the Mycenaean kingdoms and set up trade. Mycenaeans learned much about Minoan culture and copied many Minoan ways such as: 1. Bronze making 2. Ship Building 3. Using the sun and stars to find their way at sea 4. Worship of the Earth mother goddess

28. By 1400 B.C., Minoan civilization declined and the Mycenaeans replaced them as the major military and trading power on the Mediterranean Sea. The Mycenaeans conquered Crete and many other Greek island kingdoms. Their most famous victory was the Trojan War led by their legendary king, Agamemnon.

29. The Trojan Horse

30. The “Dark Age” (1100 -800 BCE) • Civil wars broke out following Trojan War • Dorians conquered Mycenaeans • Aegean world began era of “wandering and killing” • Independent communities developed Layered view of nine major settlements of Troy by Christopher Haussner based on archaeological excavation. http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~tjmoore/myth4web/05troygold.jpg

31. What was the Dark Age? By 1200 B.C., the Mycenaean civilization Collapsed. Why? 1200 B.C. THE GREEK DAILY NEWS ____________________________ BAD NEWS FOR MYCENAE Collapse to take place Due to: 1. Earthquakes 2. Fighting amongthe Greek kingdoms

32. Between the years of 1100 B.C. and 750 B.C., there was a period of instability and very little progress called a “dark age”. 1. Overseas trade slowed and poverty took hold. 2. Farmers grew very little Food. WHAT Happened 3. People stopped teaching others how to write or do craftwork. 4. Many forgot their written language.

33. One positive result of the Dark Age was a population shift Many Greeks left the mainland and settled on Islands in the Aegean Sea or moved to the Western shores of Asia Minor in what Is called Turkey today.

34. Greek Culture Spreads Dorians Eventually, a group of Greek speaking people from the north known as the Dorians, moved south and settled in the Peloponnesus The Dorians brought iron weapons and farm tools that were stronger and cheaper than the bronze used by other Greeks With this new technology, people began to farm again and produce surplus food which helped revive trade. Phoenicians Increased trade led the Greeks to pick up a new way of writing from the Phoenicians, who lived on the eastern Mediterranean The new Greek alphabet had 24 letters that made reading and writing much simpler and led to people writing downtales that had been passed down by storytellers for generations.

35. A Move to Colonize Colonies and trade spread Greek Culture and spurred industry Main Idea: After the Dark Age, the population of Greece rose quickly and farmers couldn’t grow enough food for the people. Cities sent people to create new colonies. 700 B.C. Between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C., Greeks created a huge trading network that included the coasts of Italy, France, Spain, North Africa, and western Asia. Greek culture spread. By 550 B.C.

36. Colonists traded with their “parent” cities exchanging: Colonists sent grains, metals, fish, timber, and enslaved people to Greece Mainland Greece sent pottery, wine, and olive oil to the colonies

37. In the 600’s B.C., the Greeks began to mint coins and merchants began exchanging goods for money rather than other goods The growth of trade led to the growth of industry as the demand for goods grew and people began specializing in making certain products

38. The Polis Main Idea: The idea of citizenship developed in Greek City-states. By the end of the Dark Age, many nobles had Overthrown the Greek kings and created City-states which included the town or city And the surrounded countryside.

39. A Greek city-state known as a polis was like a tiny independent country. • The main gathering place in the polis was the top of a hill or fortified area called an acropolis.

40. The Acropolis was: 1. A safe refuge in case of attacks • A religious center with temples and altars to honor • The many Greek gods and goddesses

43. The Agora

44. Below the acropolis was an open space called an Agora which served as: 1. Amarket 2. A place where people couldmeet and debate issues Athenshad nearly 300,000 people by 500 B.C. City-states varied in size and population

46. What was the Greek city-state? Each city-state was run by it’s citizens or members of a political community who treated each other as equals and who had rights and responsibilities. Greeks were the first people to develop the idea of citizenship They believed that the city-state was made up of their lands and it was their responsibility to run it In most Greek city-states, only freenative-born men who owned land could be citizens

47. Some city-states, like Athens, eventually dropped the land-owningrequirement for citizenship Greek City States Women and children might qualify for citizenship but had none of the rights that went with it

48. A government where the people have the right to make decisions about leaders and laws The U.S. government is based on Athenian democracy. Developed idea of Democracy Greek word meaning “power of the people” Athens developed the first democracy Next Slide

49. What were the rights of Greek citizens? 2. Could Hold office • Had the • Right to • vote 3. Could gather in the agora to choose their officials and pass laws 4. Could own property

50. What were the duties of Greek citizens? • To Serve • in • government • To fight • for their • polis as • citizen • soldiers • To attend • assembly • meetings and • vote on • issues