Pregnancy

1. Pregnancy

2. Conception • Conception is when sperm and egg meet and fertilization occurs • Sperm - one of the tiniest cells in the human body • Conception occurs in the outer third of the fallopian tube • Zygote - fertilized egg

3. STEPS OF IMPLANTATION • Step 1: Fertilization • Resulting cell is known as a zygote. • Step 2: • Zygote travels down fallopian tube & divides many times. • This process can take 2 – 7 days. • Step 3: • Zygote attaches to uterine wall a.k.a. implantation.

4. Embryonic Growth • As the embryo grows, the cells divide and form three layers that will become various body systems. • One becoming the respiratory and digestive. • Second becoming muscles, bones and blood vessels. • Third forming the nervous system, sense organs and mouth. • IMPLANTATION PROCESS

6. Improving the Chances ofConception • Time intercourse so it occurs around time of ovulation • Sperm live inside a woman’s body for up to 5 days • Egg is capable of being fertilized for about the first 12 to 24 hours after ovulation

7. Symptoms of Pregnancy • Missed menstrual period • Breast tenderness • Morning sickness • More frequent urination

8. Diagnostic Signs of Pregnancy • Presumptive Signs: breast changes, amenorrhea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, frequent urination • Probable Signs: Positive pregnancy test, physical changes in the uterus • Positive Signs: Ultrasound or X-ray of fetus, Lab test ,fetal heartbeat, fetal movement

9. Pregnancy Tests • • Physician tests:– Blood Test for Human chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) • Home pregnancy tests

10. Development of the Baby • Nine months of pregnancy are divided into three equal periods of three months called trimesters – First trimester - months 1 to 3 – Second trimester - months 4 to 6 – Third trimester - months 7 to 9

11. Development StagesZygote-Blastocyst-Embryo-Fetus-Baby • Zygote- union of the egg and sperm • Once zygote is formed, a protective membrane is formed and prevents more sperm from entering ovum • Zygote begins its journey to uterus and begins cell division • Blastocyst- hollow cluster of cells • Embryo- time of implantation to about the 8th week • Fetus- from 8th week till birth (developing Embryo) • Baby

12. The Embryo and Its SupportSystems • Placenta - an organ formed on the wall of the uterus through which the fetus receives oxygen and nutrients and gets rid of waste products • Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) - a hormone secreted by the placenta; it is the substance detected in pregnancy tests

13. The Embryo and Its SupportSystems • Umbilical cord - the tube that connects the fetus to the placenta • Amniotic fluid - the watery fluid surrounding a developing fetus in the uterus

14. Fetal Development During the First Trimester • By the end of the first trimester (12 weeks) • Can detect heartbeat • Brain waves can be detected • Arms, legs, heart, lungs, and eyes have formed • Bones and muscles begin developing • (approx. 10cm long and weighs about 19 grams) • Week 1-4

15. Fetal development during the 2nd Trimester • By the end of the 2nd Trimester (6 months) • Organs develop • “kick” is felt • Sex can be determined • Fetus can hear and recognize voices • Hair forms • Head and facial features become apparent • Finger and toenails grow

16. Fetal development During the 3rd Trimester • By the end of the 3rd Trimester (7-9 months) • Rapid growth and most weight gain • By 8 months most fetus’ are around 20 inches • Brain develps further • Organs complete • Fetus can move hands and feet • Fetus turns in uterus to assume head down position (dropped)

17. 1st Trimester (Mother) • Many changes begin to take place including: • Breast begin to swell and become tender • Fatigue and naseau set in • Emotional • End of month 3 abdomen begins to enlarge • Frequent urination • Vaginal discharge may increase

18. 2nd Trimester - Typically the most comfortable trimester The woman feels less fatigued in her second trimester. While the woman is in her first trimester, there is a constant danger of miscarriage. When she enters her second trimester, this danger has already passed. The initial symptoms of pregnancy, such as nausea and dizziness also get over • Apetite increases • Volume of blood increases • Energy increases • Forgetful and clumsy • Abdomen increases • Fetal movement detected • Constipation and nosebleeds can occur • Edema- water retention and swelling (needs medical attention)

19. 3rd Trimester • Obviously pregnant • Should have gained between 25-40lb • Blood volume increases • Heart rate increases • Most organs are compresses • Breathing is difficult • Very uncomfortable • Emotional

20. Complications During Pregnancy • Ectopic pregnancy - fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus • Pregnancy-induced hypertension - includes 3 conditions: – Hypertension – Preeclampsia – Eclampsia

21. Classwork/Homework Choose a specific day in the first month for your date of conception. 3 – 5 days later will be your day of implantation. Choose a date for a missed menstrual cycle. 10 days after your missed menstrual cycle will be the date of your first doctor’s visit where the pregnancy will be confirmed.

22. Complications During Pregnancy • Miscarriage- spontanious expulsion of the fetus that occurs before the 20th week • A dead fetus expelled after the 20th week is considered a stillbirth • Can be for no known reason • Can be full term (40 weeks) • Proper prenatal care can reduce the risks of certain problems

23. Define fertilization and implantation. Explain fetal development from conception through pregnancy and birth. How is a developing fetus nourished? What changes does the mother go through during each trimester

24. Key Terms Amniocentisis- test performed around16-20 weeks to test fetal cells for genetic abnormalities Chorionic Villi Sampling- small tissue removed from chorion, tissue is then examined for genetic disorders done at 8th week of pregnancy Colostrum- Colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease, as well as being lower in fat and higher in protein than ordinary milk. Typically produced just prior to birth by mammary glands

25. Labor • Stage 1: Early labor and active labor • The first stage of labor occurs when the cervix opens (dilates) and thins out (effaces) to allow the baby to move into the birth canal. This is the longest of the three stages of labor. It's actually divided into two phases of its own — early labor and active labor.

26. 1st Stage • Early labor • During early labor, your cervix will begin to dilate. You may feel mild to moderately strong contractions during early labor. They may last 30 to 60 seconds and come every five to 20 minutes. As your cervix begins to open, you may notice a thick, stringy, blood-tinged discharge from your vagina. This is known as bloody show. • Mucus plug

27. 1st Stage • How long it lasts: You may need to be patient. Early labor is unpredictable. It may last for hours or even days, especially for first-time moms. It's often much shorter for subsequent deliveries. • What you can do: Until your contractions increase in frequency and intensity, it's up to you. For many women, early labor isn't particularly uncomfortable. You may feel like doing household chores, taking a walk or watching a movie. Or you might simply continue your daily activities.

28. May Also Help to: • Take a shower or bath. • Listen to relaxing music. • Have a gentle massage. • Try slow, deep breathing. • Change positions. • Drink water, juice or other clear liquids. • Eat light, healthy snacks. • Apply ice packs or heat to your lower back.

29. Active labor • Now it's time for the real work to begin. During active labor, your cervix will dilate to 10 centimeters. Your contractions will become stronger and progressively longer. Near the end of active labor, it may feel as though the contractions never completely disappear. You may feel increasing pressure in your back as well. If you haven't headed to your labor and delivery facility yet, now's the time. • Your initial excitement may wane as your labor progresses and the pain intensifies. Don't feel that you're giving up if you ask for pain medication or anesthesia. Your health care team will help you make the best choice for you and your baby. Remember, you're the only one who can judge your need for pain relief.

30. Active Labor • How long it lasts: On average, active labor lasts up to eight hours. For some women, active labor lasts hours longer. For others — especially those who've had a previous vaginal delivery — active labor is much shorter. • What you can do: Look to your labor coach and health care team for encouragement and support. Try breathing and relaxation techniques to combat your growing discomfort. Use what you learned in childbirth class or ask your health care team for suggestions.

31. Active Labor • It may also help to: • Change positions. • Rock in a rocking chair. • Roll on a birthing ball. • Take a warm shower or bath. • Place a cool, damp cloth on your forehead. • Take a walk, stopping to breathe through contractions. • Have a massage between contractions. If you feel the urge to push, try to hold back until you've been told you're fully dilated and it's time to push. It may help to pant or blow. Pushing too soon may cause your cervix to tear or swell, which can delay delivery or cause troublesome bleeding.

32. Stage 2: The birth • How long it lasts: It can take from a few minutes up to several hours or more to push your baby into the world. It often takes longer for first-time moms and women who've had an epidural. • What you can do: Push! You may be encouraged to push with each contraction to speed the process. Or you might take it more slowly, letting nature do the work until you feel the urge to push.

33. Stage 3: Delivery of the placenta (afterbirth) • After your baby is born, you'll likely feel a great sense of relief. You may hold the baby in your arms or on your abdomen. Cherish the moment. But a lot is still happening. During the third stage of labor, your health care provider must deliver the placenta and make sure your bleeding is under control.

34. Stage 3 • How long it lasts: The placenta is typically delivered in about five to 10 minutes. In some cases, it may take up to 30 minutes. • What you can do: Relax! By now your focus has likely shifted to your baby. You may be oblivious to what's going on around you. You may even want to breast-feed your baby.

36. Dilation + Effacement • The degree of dilation is measured in centimeters. For most of your pregnancy, the cervix will be at zero centimeters, closed and not at all dilated, keeping the baby safe and growing inside. During active labor, your health care provider will measure the level of dilation by inserting a gloved finger into your vagina. Sometimes dilation is also referred to in “fingers,” based on the manual exam, e.g., “she’s two fingers dilated.” One finger is the rough equivalent of one centimeter, but this is a more subjective measure, since finger size varies, especially between male and female examiners. 

37. Dilation + Effacement • The progression of labor is measured by the advancing dilation of the expectant mother’s cervix. It’s generally estimated that the cervix will dilate one centimeter during each hour of labor, but this cannot be generalized for every woman or every pregnancy. 0-4 centimeters dilation is considered early labor, and it’s not uncommon for a woman to be up to 2 centimeters dilated several weeks before giving birth. Dilation of 4-7 centimeters occurs during active labor. 7-10 centimeters is the transition phase (shift from active labor to the final phase, delivery), and when your cervix is at 10 centimeters (about the size of a newborn’s head), it’s considered fully dilated and you’re ready to give birth. 

38. You're pregnant. Congratulations! Are you curious how big your developing baby is, what your baby looks like as it grows inside you, and when you'll feel it move?  Take a peek inside the womb to see how a fetus develops from month to month.

39. If a sperm cell meets and penetrates an egg, it will fertilize it.  This is known as conception. At this moment, the genetic makeup is complete, including the sex of the infant. Within about three days after conception, the fertilized egg, which is dividing rapidly into many cells, passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus, where it attaches to the uterine wall. The placenta, which will nourish the baby, also begins to form.

40. Fetal Development 4 weeks- At this point of development the structures that eventually form the face and neck are becoming evident.  The heart and blood vessels continue to develop. And the lungs, stomach, and liver start to develop.  A home pregnancy test is now positive.

41. Fetal development 8 weeks- The baby is now a little over half an inch in size. Eyelids and ears are forming, and the tip of the nose is visible. The arms and legs are well formed. The fingers and toes grow longer and more distinct.

42. Fetal development 12 weeks- The fetus measures about 2 inches and starts to make its own movements. You may start to feel the top of your uterus above the pelvic bone.  Your doctor may hear the baby's heartbeat with special instruments. The sex organs of the baby should start to become clear.

43. Fetal development week 16- The fetus now measures about 4.3 to 4.6 inches and weighs about 3.5 ounces. The top of your uterus should be felt about 3 inches below your belly button.  The baby's eyes can blink and the heart and blood vessels are fully formed.  The baby's fingers and toes should have fingerprints.

44. Fetal Development 20 weeks- The baby weighs about 10 ounces and is a little over 6 inches long. Your uterus should be at the level of your belly button. The baby can suck a thumb, yawn, stretch, and make faces. Soon -- if you haven't already -- you'll feel your baby move, which is called "quickening."

45. Fetal development 20 weeks- An ultrasound is generally performed for all pregnant women at 20 weeks of gestation. During this ultrasound, the doctor will confirm that the placenta is healthy and attached normally and that your baby is growing properly in the uterus. The baby's heartbeat and movement of its body, arms, and legs can also be seen on the ultrasound. The gender of the baby can usually be determined at 20 weeks.

46. Fetal Development 24 weeks- The fetus weighs about 1.4 pounds now. It responds to sounds by moving or increasing its pulse. You may notice jerking motions if it hiccups. With the inner ear fully developed, it may be able to sense being upside down in the womb.

47. Fetal development 28 weeks- The fetus weighs about 2 pounds 6 ounces. It changes position frequently at this point in pregnancy. There's a good chance of survival if your baby is born prematurely now. Ask your doctor about preterm labor warning signs. Register for birthing classes. Birthing classes prepare you for many aspects of childbirth,including labor and delivery and parenting

48. fetal development 32 weeks • Often moving, the fetus weighs almost 4 pounds. The baby's skin has fewer wrinkles as a layer of fat starts to form under the skin. It will gain up to half its birth weight between now and delivery. Ask your doctor how to do a fetal movement chart. Think about breastfeeding. Soon you may start leaking colostrum from your breasts, a yellowish fluid that precedes milk production.

49. Fetal Development 36 weeks-Babies differ in size, depending on many factors (such as gender, the number of babies being carried, and size of the parents), so your baby's overall rate of growth is as important as the actual size. On average, it's about 18.5 inches and weighs close to 6 pounds. The brain has been developing rapidly. Lungs are nearly fully developed. The head is usually positioned down into the pelvis by now. A pregnancy is considered "at term" once 37 weeks has been completed!

50. A mother's due date marks the end of her 40th week. A pregnancy begins with implantation and the delivery date can be calculated using the first day of the last period. Based on this, pregnancy can last between 38 and 42 weeks with a full-term delivery occurring around 40 weeks. Some post-term pregnancies -- those lasting more than 42 weeks -- are not truly post-term. A common "cause" is an incorrect due date. For safety reasons, most babies are delivered by 42 weeks, inducing labor if necessary.