America Claims An Empire

1. America Claims An Empire CHAPTER 10

2. Imperialism and AMerica American Expansionism Americans sought to increase the size of their nation • wanted to establish colonies overseas. – the policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories. Imperialism was already a trend around the world. Imperialism

3. Global Competition • Imperialism • Africa taken over by Europeans • Imperialists competed over territory in Asia, especially in China. • Japan formed a strong central govt. and joined in the competition for China in the 1890’s.

4. 3 FACTORS FUELED THE NEW AMERICAN IMPERIALISM • Desire for military strength • Thirst for new markets • Belief in cultural superiority

5. Desire for Military Strength • Alfred T. Mahan • Urged govt. officials to build up military naval power. • Wanted to compete with other nations • US built 9 steel hulled cruisers between 1883 and 1890.

6. Thirst for New Markets • Factories were now producing more than Americans could consume. • Americans wanted: • Raw materials • New markets • Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to American over-production, unemployment, and economic depression.

7. Belief in Cultural Superiority • Many Americans thought they were superior to other peoples because they were Anglo-Saxon. • felt they should inferior peoples of Christianity and “civilization”

8. The US Acquires Alaska William Seward former Secretary of State for Lincoln and Johnson. 1867 – arranged for the US to buy Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million. Some people thought it was silly

9. Alaska was often called “Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox”

14. Time showed How Wrong they were 1959 – Alaska became a state Cost was about 2 cents per acre Land was rich in timber, minerals, and oil. Oil was not discovered until after the purchase.

15. The United States Takes Hawaii 1867- The US took over the Midway Islands • Lie in the pacific Ocean abt. 1300 miles north of Hawaii. • Uninhabited

16. Hawaii Mid 1900’s ¾ of the island’s wealth came from American owned sugar plantations. - laborers for plantations were imported from Japan, Portugal, and China. 1900 – foreigners and immigrant laborers outnumbered Hawaiians about 3 to 1. Hawaiian grown sugar was not charged a tariff by the US until the McKinley Tariff of 1890. American planters wanted the US to annex the islands to avoid the tax.

17. 1887 – the United States persuaded Hawaii to allow them to build a naval base there. • Pearl Harbor – the kingdom’s best port • Became a refueling station for American ships

18. The End of a Monarchy • 1887 – King Kalakua was forced by white business owners to amend the Hawaiian constitution. • Amendment limited voting rights to wealthy landowners only. • King Kalakua died and his sister Queen Liliuoklani came to power.

19. She had only Hawaiians in mind for her agenda and wanted to revise the constitution leaving the white businessmen out. • Ambassador John L. Stevens organized a revolution. Queen Liliukalani

20. Revolution • was aided by marines • The queen was overthrown and a government was set up headed by Sanford B. Dole

21. President Cleveland directed that the queen be restored to her throne. • Dole refused to refused to surrender • Cleveland recognized the Republic of Hawaii • Would not consider annexation unless a majority of Hawaiians favored it.

22. 1897 – McKinley became president • August 12, 1898, Congress proclaimed Hawaii an American territory. • Hawaiians were never given the chance to vote • 1959 – Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States.

23. Acquiring New Lands Section 3

24. Ruling Puerto Rico • When Puerto Rico became part of the U.S. Puerto Ricans feared that the U.S. would not give them the same freedom of self-rule they had under Spanish rule.

25. Louis Munoz Rivera -Puerto Rican statesman and publisher 1900-1916 – lived primarily in the U.S. and worked for Puerto Rico’s independence. Spoke to Congress May 5, 1916 He died Nov. 1916 Independence to Puerto Ricans was granted 3 months later.

26. Not all Puerto Ricans wanted independence. • Some wanted statehood. • Military Rule • During the S/A War, U.S. forces, under direction of General Nelson A. Miles, occupied the island. • Miles told Puerto Ricans that troops were there for protection.

27. Return to Civil Government • The U.S. would control Puerto Rico until Congress decided otherwise. • Puerto Rico was strategically important to the U.S. • For maintaining a U.S. presence in the Caribbean • For protecting a U.S. canal that leaders wanted to build in the future. • Foraker Act – ended military rule in PR and set up a civil govt.

28. The act gave the president of the U.S. power to appoint members of Puerto Rico’s governor and members of its upper house of legislature. • Puerto Ricans could only appoint the lower house of legislature. • Insular Cases – Congress ruled that the Constitution did not apply to people in acquired territories. • Congress retained the right to extend citizenship • Granted that right to Puerto Ricans in 1917.

29. Cuba and the United States • When the U.S. declared war on Spain in 1898, it recognized Cuba’s independence. Teller Amendment – • Stated that the U.S. had no intention of taking over any part of Cuba. Treaty of Paris – ended the war • Guaranteed Cuba’s independence

30. AmericanSoldiers • Cuba was occupied by American soldiers when the war ended. • The same officials who served Spain remained in office. • Cuban’s who protested this policy were imprisoned or exiled.

31. American military • Provided food and clothing for families • Helped farmers put land back into cultivation • Organized elementary schools. • Helped eliminate yellow fever through improvement of sanitation and medical research.

32. Platt amendment • 1900 – Cuba wrote its own constitution for independence, leaving out the relationship between the U.S. and Cuba. • 1901 – U.S. demanded that several provisions be added to the constitution. • These provisions were known as the Platt Amendment.

33. Provisions were as follows: • Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or permit a foreign power to control any part of its territory. • The U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba • Cuba was not to go into debt that its government could not repay • The U.S. could buy or lease land on the island for naval stations and refueling stations.

34. The U.S. made it clear that troops would not withdraw from Cuba until the Platt Amendment was approved. • Cubans marched in protest against the U.S. • 1903 – the Platt Amendment became part of the treaty between the two nations. • Remained in effect for 31 years. • Cuba became a U.S. protectorate - a country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

35. Protecting American Business Interests • The most important reason for the U.S. to maintain a strong political presence in Cuba was to protect American businesses that invested in the island’s: • Sugar • Tobacco • Mining industries • Railroads and public utilities

36. Many business people were convinced that annexing and imposing colonial rule on new territories was necessary to protect American interests. • Some were concerned about colonial entanglements. • Andrew Carnegie argued against the taking of nations as colonies.

37. Filipinos Rebel • Treaty of Paris – Filipinos were outraged by the annexation of the Philippines by America. • Emilio Aguinaldo • Rebel leader • believed that the U.S. had promised independence. • vowed to fight for freedom once they realized the terms of the treaty.

38. Philippine-American War • 2/1899 - the Filipinos rose in revolt with Aguinaldo as their leader. • U.S. imposed authority on them. • Forced Filipinos to live in designated zones. • Poor sanitation, disease, and starvation killed thousands. • Just like Spain did with Cuba • Americans looked on Filipinos as inferior • Many of the troops sent to the Philippines were African Americans – 70,000. • Many deserted to the Filipino side – did not want racial prejudice.

39. Took 3 years to put down the rebellion • About 20,000 of them died fighting for independence. • 4000 Americans died • Cost of war $400 million

40. AfterMath of the War • After the war the U.S. set up a govt. similar to the one Puerto Rico had. • Philippines became an independent republic on July 4, 1946.

41. Foreign Influence in china • U.S. saw the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of Asia. • China was seen as a vast potential market for American products. • Opportunity for railroad construction

42. China had been weakened by war and foreign intervention. • Known as the “sick man of Asia” • France, Germany, Britain, Japan, and Russia had established settlements along the coast.

43. John Hay’s Open Door • 1899 - U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued a series of policy statements called the Open Door notes.

44. The notes were letters addressed to the leaders of imperialist nations proposing that the nations share their trading rights with the United States, creating an open door. • No nation would have a monopoly on trade with any part of China.

45. The Boxer Rebellion in China • Europeans dominated much of China’s large cities. • Some Chinese formed secret societies • Boxers – most famous of these groups

46. Boxers • Killed hundreds of missionaries and other foreigners. • Chinese converts to Christianity • August 1900 – troops from Britain, France, Germany, and Japan joined 2,500 American forces and marched on the Chinese capital. • 2 months – they put down the rebellion

47. Protecting American Rights • 2nd Series of Open Door notes was issued announcing that the U.S. would safeguard for the world the equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese empire. • Paved the way for greater American influence in America.

48. 2nd Open Door Notes • Reflected 3 American beliefs • Growth of economy depended on exports • Felt U.S. had to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open. • Feared the closing of an area to American products, citizens, or ideas threatened U.S. survival.

49. The Impact of U.S. Territorial Gains • under McKinley the U.S. had gained an empire. • Anti-Imperial League sprang into being • People against imperialism • Grover Cleveland, Jane Addams, Mark Twain

50. America as a World Power • Teddy Roosevelt and the World • Roosevelt was unwilling to allow the imperial powers of Europe to control the world’s political and economic destiny. • In 1905, Roosevelt mediated a settlement in a war between Russia and Japan.