America Claims an Empire

1. America Claims an Empire Chapter 18

2. U.S. Imperialism

3. Imperialism • Imperialism: Policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories • Why Imperialism? • Desire for military strength • Thirst for new markets • Cultural superiority

4. Military Strength • Military Strength • Establish a global military presence • Why would this be important? • How does that align with Roosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy • Alfred T. Mahan: Urged creation of modern navy

5. New Markets & Cultural Superiority • New Markets • Industrialization created need for new markets and raw materials • Cultural Superiority • Social Darwinism • Racial Superiority • Duty to spread Christianity

6. Imperialists Believed in manifest destiny Supported the expansion of U.S. into foreign territories Many believed that American culture was superior

7. Anti-Imperialists • Opposed the take over of foreign lands • William Jennings Bryan • Democratic nominee 1900 • Acceptance speech warns of imperialism • What famous speeches does he reference? Why would those help support his claim? Does he believe American culture is superior?

8. Which side do you agree with?

9. American Expansionism • William Seward was an early supporter of American expansionism • Seward’s Folly • Bought Alaska in 1867 from the Russians for $7.2 million

10. American Expansionism • Annexation • US businesses want annexation to avoid sugar tariffs • Businessmen overthrow Hawaiian Queen • Sanford Dole heads temporary gov’t • Republic of Hawaii annexed in 1898 U.S. takes Hawaii

11. The Spanish-American War

12. Group Assignment • Read 18.2 • Explain how each of the following people or terms helped cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War: • American business owners • Jose Marti • ValerianoWeyler • Yellow journalism • De Lome Letter • U.S S. Maine • Everyone needs to write the responses down in their notes!

13. Cubans Rebel Against Spain • Americans invest heavily in Cuban sugarcane • Which goal of imperialism does that align with? • Cuban War for Independence • Led by Jose Marti • US sugar mills attacked to provoke involvement • American opinion split

14. War Fever • Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler to Cuba • Sent 300,000 Cubans to concentration camps • Headline Wars • Yellow Journalism: Reporting that exaggerates news to make it exciting • Deepens American sympathy for the war cause

15. War Fever • DeLome Letter • McKinley tries diplomacy to avoid war • Letter from Spanish diplomat insults McKinley • Americans are outraged

17. War Fever • U.S.S. Maine Explodes • Cause unknown, newspapers blame Spain • Americans call for war

18. War Erupts 1898-1899 • War in Philippines • George Dewey led U.S. attack on Spanish fleet at Manila • Filipinos support Dewey in hopes of independence • Spanish troops surrender in August 1898 • War in the Caribbean • U.S. navy blockaded Cuba • U.S. relied heavily on ill-equipped volunteer soldiers

20. War Erupts • Rough Riders • Volunteer regiment led by T. Roosevelt • Clear path for victory at San Juan Hill • US Navy destroyed Spanish fleet • US invaded Puerto Rico July 25, 1898

21. Resolution • Debate Over the Treaty • Controversy over U.S. right to annex Philippines • “Christianize” Filipinos? • Violated Declaration of Independence? • U.S. approved annexation in 1899 • Treaty of Paris • Granted Cuba independence • Puerto Rico and Guam given to U.S. • U.S. paid Spain $20m for Philippines

22. Acquiring New Lands

23. Aftermath of the Spanish-American War • US took control of Puerto Rico in 1898 • US occupied Cuba after war • Platt Amendment: • Limited Cuba’s rights in dealing with other nations • Gave U.S. right to intervene • Philippines • Rebellion that leads to self-rule

24. China • Open Door Policy • Calls for China’s ports to remain open and independent • No nation gets special privileges • Boxer Rebellion • Rebellion against Western presence in China • Troops sent to suppress rebellion

25. America as a World Power

26. Roosevelt’s Diplomacy • TR negotiated Treaty of Portsmouth • Ended Russo-Japanese War • TR won Nobel Peace Prize • US prestige increased • Panama Canal • Reduced travel time • Established U.S. presencein Central America

27. Roosevelt’s Diplomacy • Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine • Said U.S. would be willing to use military power to protect its economic interests in Latin America • The U.S., not Europe, should be the caretaker of Latin America • Leads to “Dollar Diplomacy” • U.S. will use military force to guarantee loans made to foreign nations • Leads to U.S. military intervention in Nicaragua

28. Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy • Wilson refused to recognize any oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile government • Conflict with Mexico • Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s government • Uses minor incident to occupy Veracruz • Recognized Carranza government

29. Wilson’s Missionary Diplomacy • Rebellion in Mexico • Pancho Villa • Wanted war between Carranza and US • Killed 16 Americans in raid • U.S. General Pershing invaded Mexico and crushed Villa’s forces in 1916

30. Importance of Diplomacy U.S. is no longer isolationist due to ties with Latin America Diplomacy becomes majorly important for the Presidency How do you see diplomacy playing a role in the first World War?