The Industrial Revolution in the United States.

1. The Industrial Revolution in the United States.

2. Government Support for Industrialism The government: • Helped Industries with loans • Maintained laissez faire or a hands off policy • No taxes on personal incomes • No environmental controls

4. The Rise of Industrialism • The Rise of Industrialism • Industrialism, a change in Productions from hand craftsmanship to machine manufacturing • By the turn of the century the U.S. ranked first in the world for Industrial goods. • Key Factors in Industrial Growth • Abundant supply of Natural Resources • Opening of Industrial markets • Population shifts from rural to urban • Expanded labor supply fueled by Immigration

5. Invention and Innovation • Spirit of Innovation • 676,000 of patents between 1860 and 1900 • Urban Canters became magnets business entrepreneurs • Development of Steel production • Henry Bessemer perfected steel production • Electricity becomes widespread • Inventions fueled by electricity included the telegraph, telephone, escalators, elevators, and central heat. • Machines Increase Production • New machines included: sewing machine, bicycle, and automobiles.

6. Industrial Leaders • Industrial Giants • John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company which controlled 90 percent of oil industry. • Attempted to monopolize the oil industry • Andrew Carnegie founded Carnegie Steel. • Other Industrial Leaders • Cornelius “Commodore” Vanderbilt- railroads • Swift & Armour-Captains of the meatpacking industry • Guggemheim family controlled billions of dollars of copper

8. Other Industrial Leaders • The McCormicks founded International Harvest company and controlled the reaper business • The Duke family controlled tobacco • J.P. Morgan was the Financier of them all and one of the builders of Wall street • This period of time was known as the Guilded Age.

10. Trusts and Government Corruption • Trusts influence Government Affairs • City governments were run by political machines and bosses that catered to industrial interests.

11. Criticism & Defense of Big Business • Weathy Americans faced criticism • Industrialists defended Big business • Philanthropists supported moral efforts

12. The Impact of Industrialsim • Industrialism benfited the Middle Class • Techonological advances benefited members of the upper and middle classes. • New opportunities in clerical, sales, and technology created jobs for women • Most Americans viewed industrialism as drudgery and hardship • Laborers faced harsh working conditions • Men and women worked 10 to 12 hour days, 6 days a week. • Low pay was common in the factories

13. Changes and Discrimination in the Workforce • Industrialism and Women • Industrialists recruited women, children, ethnic minorities, and Immigrants • Young, single women womencarved out new opportunities • Child Labor was common practice and children were forced into mostly dangerous positions with low pay • Managers pitted one group against the other.

14. Organized Labor • Worker began organizing into labor or trade unions. • The Knights of Labor aimed to secure an 8 hour work day, income tax, the elimination of child labor and equal pay. • The American Federation of Labor under Samuel Gompers focused on higher wages, safer working conditions, and union representation. • Business resisted unions and strikes often resulted in violence.

15. Triangle!

16. Food Contamination and Muckrakers • Consumers Fraud • Consumers had no safeguards against poor quality products or misleading advertizing • Meat Packing Industry • The Jungle by Upton Sinclair described conditions in Chicago’s meatpacking industry • Writiers focused on exposing societies ills rather than solving them. • Muckraker’s efforts paved the way for future reforms.

17. The Toll on the Environment • Environmental concerns • 19th Century businessed used nonrenewable, polluting fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas. • Deforestation • Clear-Cutting is a method of deforestation used by logging companies to clear whole sections of land at a time • Air & Water pollution