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State and Capital in the Making of Chinese Migrant Citizenship Regimes

State and Capital in the Making of Chinese Migrant Citizenship Regimes. Wu Jieh-min Center for Contemporary China Institute of Sociology National Tsing Hua University Taiwan. The Issue. What kind of market economy in China? What kind of capitalism? Capitalism without universal citizenship?

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State and Capital in the Making of Chinese Migrant Citizenship Regimes

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  1. State and Capital in the Making of Chinese Migrant Citizenship Regimes Wu Jieh-min Center for Contemporary China Institute of SociologyNational Tsing Hua UniversityTaiwan

  2. The Issue • What kind of market economy in China? What kind of capitalism? Capitalism without universal citizenship? • “Citizenship does not come easily to those outside the political community whose arrival coincides with deepening and unaccustomed marketization… Capitalism, rather than promoting citizenship, may be antagonistic and detrimental to it, especially when it appears on the heels of a system of governmentally granted benefits.” (Dorothy Solinger, 1999) • Two types of Chinese workers: • SOE workers • New “migrant” working class in China’s export-oriented sector

  3. Research Questions • Establish the phenomenon: how are the migrant workers treated in the aspect of social rights, vis-à-vis the urbanites? • Explain regional divergence: what factors have shaped the different citizenship regimes across China? • Focus on social insurances.

  4. Three local regimes identified • Differential - Hierarchical Regime • FDI-driven Inclusionary-Convergent Regime • Domestic, private Capital-Dominated Segmentary Regime

  5. Driving forces of inequalities and divergences • Legacies of rural-urban dualism, the hukousystem. • “Fiscal federalism,” based on unequal, hierarchical, and differential citizenship among citizen groups and across regions. • Complicated governance structure and fragmented social welfare programs. • Types and magnitude ofFDIsmake differences.

  6. Data • Aggregate national and regional statistics. • Government document analysis. • Fieldsites: Beijing, Shanghai, Southern Jiangsu (Suzhou, Kunshan, Wujiang, and Wuxi), the Pearl River Delta area (Shenzhen, Dongguan, and Guangzhou) and Southern Zhejiang (Wenzhou). • Interviews: factory managers, officials at labor departments, NGO activists, local scholars and migrant workers.

  7. National Trend in Various Social Insurance Coverage Rates: 1997-2004 (unit: %)

  8. Estimates of Pension Insurance Coverage in Five Cities (%) * The estimates of coverage are computed as follows: Total insured population / urban hukou population + migrant laborers.

  9. Shanghai －Differential Social Insurance Schemes and Contribution Rates

  10. Comparison of Social Insurance Contribution Rates for the Migrants in Four Cities:Year of2006 * This category includes health, injury, unemployment, and birth insurance; in some cities, it may also include local complementary health insurance. ** Non-compulsory.

  11. Social Insurance Coverage in PRD Region: Firm-level findings

  12. Social Insurance Coverage in Kunshan: Firm-level findings

  13. Comparing Three Local Citizenship Regimes

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