1 / 51

Chapter 10

Chapter 10 . Agriculture. Key Issue #1. Where Did Agriculture Originate?. Where Did Agriculture Originate?. Origins of agriculture Agriculture = deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and/or rearing of animals Cultivate = “to care for”

maudes
Download Presentation

Chapter 10

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter 10 Agriculture

  2. Key Issue #1 Where Did Agriculture Originate?

  3. Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Origins of agriculture • Agriculture = deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of plants and/or rearing of animals • Cultivate = “to care for” • Crop = any plant cultivated by people

  4. Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Origins of agriculture • Hunter-gatherers • Perhaps 250,000 remaining today • Invention of agriculture • When it began = unclear • Diffused from many hearths

  5. Crop Hearths Figure 10-2

  6. Animal Hearths Figure 10-3

  7. Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Commercial and subsistence agriculture • Subsistence = produced mainly for the farm family’s survival • Most common in LDCs • Commercial = produced mainly for sale off the farm • Most common in MDCs

  8. Agriculture and Climate Figure 10-4

  9. Where Did Agriculture Originate? • Commercial and subsistence agriculture • Five characteristics distinguish commercial from subsistence agriculture • Purpose of farming • Percentage of farmers in the labor force • Use of machinery • Farm size • Relationship of farming to other businesses

  10. Agricultural Workers Figure 10-5

  11. Area of Farmland Per Tractor Figure 10-6

  12. Key Issue #2 Where Are Agricultural Regions in Less Developed Countries?

  13. Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Shifting cultivation • Most prevalent in low-latitude, A-type climates • Two features: • Land is cleared by slashing and burning debris • Slash-and-burn agriculture • Land is tended for only a few years at a time • Types of crops grown vary regionally • Traditionally, land is not owned individually • soil erosion a problem • most often occurs in tropical rainforest regions-SE Asia, Central Africa, Brazil

  14. The slash-and-burn process creates ashes that provide nutrients to the soil. • The cleared area is known by many names, such as swidden, ladang, milpa, chena, and kaingin. • This process supports crops 3 yrs or less. • Crops include maize (corn), manioc (cassava/tapioca), millet, sorghum, yams, sugarcane, plantain, sweet potatoes, rice, papaya, pineapple, mango, cotton, beans, etc.

  15. Kayapo • extensive subsistence, shifting ag • Mali • Intensive subsistence • sorghum, pearl millet, and maize Subsistence farmers

  16. Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Pastoral nomadism (herding domesticated animals) • Found primarily in arid and semiarid B-type climates • Animals are seldom eaten • The size of the herd indicates power and prestige • Type of animal depends on the region • For example, camels are favored in North Africa and Southwest Asia. Sheep and goats are next. • Transhumance practiced by some pastoral nomads

  17. Where are Agricultural Regions in LDCs? • Intensive subsistence • Found in areas with high population and agricultural densities • Especially in East, South, and Southeast Asia • To maximize production, little to no land is wasted • Intensive with wet rice dominant • The flooded field is called a sawah or a paddy (which actually means “wet rice”). • Intensive with wet rice not dominant • Crops like wheat or barley, millet, oats, soybeans, or cash crops like cotton or flax.

  18. Rice Production Figure 10-12

  19. Corn (Maize) Production Figure 10-15

  20. Key Issue #3 Where Are Agricultural Regions in More Developed Countries?

  21. Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Mixed crop and livestock farming • Livestock fed with crops grown on same farm, ¾ of the income is from sale of animal products • Involves crop rotation which helps maintain fertility of land, common products are corn & soybeans

  22. Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Dairy farming • Primarily in NE US, SE Canada, NW Europe • 60% of the world’s milk comes from these areas • Must be close to their market area because it is highly perishable

  23. Milk Production Figure 10-17

  24. Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Grain farming • The largest commercial producer of grain is the United States (KS, CO, OK, MT, WA, Dakotas) • Livestock ranching • Practiced in marginal environments (US, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Australia)

  25. Wheat Production Figure 10-19

  26. Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Mediterranean agriculture • Based on horticulture-fruits, veggies, flowers • Commercial gardening and fruit farming • Truck farms (“truck” literally means barter or exchange)-fruits and veggies sold to consumers or processors

  27. Where are Agricultural Regions in MDCs? • Plantation farming • growing crops in subsistence areas for sale in more developed countries • **often occurs in less developed countries • usually involves the production of one crop • common in many tropical areas , like Latin America, Africa, & Asia. • Examples: bananas, sugarcane, coffee, tea, cocoa, cotton, rubber, palm oil, etc.

  28. coffee

  29. tea

  30. sugarcane 3 2 1 sugarcane

  31. cacao

  32. Palm oil oil palm

  33. bananas banana

  34. rubber rubber

  35. coconut

  36. Key Issue #4 Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties?

  37. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Challenges for commercial farmers • Access to markets is important • The von Thünen model (1826) • The choice of crop to grow is related to the proximity to the market Figure 10-24

  38. Von Thünen Model Fig. 10-13: Von Thünen’s model shows how distance from a city or market affects the choice of agricultural activity in (a) a uniform landscape and (b) one with a river.

  39. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Challenges for commercial farmers • Overproduction • Agricultural efficiencies have resulted in overproduction • Demand has remained relatively constant • As a consequence, incomes for farmers are low • Sustainable agriculture • Sensitive land management • Integrated crop and livestock

  40. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Challenges for subsistence farmers • Population growth • Boserup thesis-pop growth compels subsistence farmers to consider new farming approaches that produce enough food to take care of additional people. • Increase food supply by leaving land fallow for shorter time periods and adopting new methods • International trade • To be successful, LDCs need to grow crops people in MDCs want (coffee, tea, cocoa) • Drug crops • South America-cocaine, marijuana • Afghanistan, Myanmar, Laos-opium/heroin

  41. Drug Trade Figure 10-27

  42. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties? • Strategies to increase food supply • Expanding agricultural land • Desertification-the Sahel • Increasing productivity • The green revolution (1970s-80s) • Introduction of higher-yield seeds and use of fertilizers • Identifying new food sources • Cultivating oceans, developing higher-protein cereals, and improving palatability of foods • Increasing trade

  43. Agricultural Land and Population Figure 10-28

More Related