35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

1. Overall Percent of Union Membership -- United States 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 20.1% 14.5% 12.5% 1983 1996 2005 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

2. Union Membership By Certain Industries Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/1999/jul/wk3/art04.htm

4. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf#search=%22union%20membership%20by%20state%202005%22

5. Union Membership of 14 European Countries Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics:http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2006/01/art3full.pdf#search=%22percent%20union%20membership%20by%20countries%22

6. Selected List of Labor Unions American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees Amalgamated Transit Union American Postal Workers Union Association of Flight Attendants Communication Workers of America International Association of Machinists International Brotherhood of Boilermakers National Education Association Screen Actors Guild United Auto Workers United Farm Workers United Mine Workers United Steel Workers

7. Reasons for Union Formation • Economic factors (e.g., pay, promotion opportunity) • Supervision (behavior, attitude, interpersonal style, unfair • treatment) • Safety concerns

8. Overview of How Unions Form Campaign (sign cards to endorse an election or not [overseen by representative of NLRB] Election Majority of members of in bargaining vote “yes” required for union to be formed Greater 30% required for election Union Labor Contract --- A formal, written agreement between union and the company regarding the conditions of employment (e.g., pay, benefits, grievance process, performance assessment) over a given period of time

9. Collective Bargaining • Mediation --- Assist, facilitate an agreement between parties [share information]. No formal power to impose a decision • Federal Mediation & Conciliation Service • Fact-Finding --- More formal process. • Review relevant facts on the issues • Make formal recommendation • Make recommendation public • Not used very often, most successful in private sector

10. Collective Bargaining (cont.) Arbitration --- Final and binding decision [American Arbitration Association] Arbitration types: Type used if determined by law in the public sector, by agreement in private sector. Voluntary – Agreed upon by both parties (most common in private sector) Compulsory – Mandated by law (common in public sector) Conventional --- Arbitrator decides on best solution; often a compromise between opposing positions Final Offer -- Choose one position or the other Total package vs. Issue by issue

11. Sample Grievance Procedure Mgmt. Answer Union Appeal Step Management Arbitration Union Form 5 Written 20 Days 20 Days Industrial Relations Manager Grievance Committee Written 10 Days 10 Days 4 Division Manager Chief Steward Written 5 Days 5 Days 3 Industrial Relations Manager Shop Steward Written 5 Days 5 Days 2 Industrial Relations Manager Grievant Oral Immediate Immediate 1 Issue in Dispute

12. Factors Impacting Grievances • Employee characteristics • More education • Greater activity in union • More absenteeism • Lower wages • Shop steward characteristics (e.g., Personality; more dominant = more likely to file a grievance) • Type of work/job performed • Not related to number of grievances filed but to type of grievance filed More likely to file grievances

13. Impasse (failure of collective bargaining process) • Union options used -- • Work slow down • Absenteeism (“blue flu”) • Sabotage • Strike (legitimate or “wildcat” strike) • Management options used -- • Lockout

14. Union Impact Selection (e.g., applicant pool, process) Training (e.g., apprentice programs) Performance Evaluation (e.g., factors to be evaluated, frequency) Job Performance (e.g., scheduling of work, speed of production, type of work allowed)

15. Some Influential Labor Leaders Mary Harris (Mother Jones) 1830-1930 United Mine Workers of America Frances Perkins 1882-1965 Secretary of Labor Samuel Gompers 1850-1924 American Federation of Labor Walter Reuther 1907-1970 United Auto Wokers Cesar Chavez 1927-1993 American Farm Workers Union Eugene Debs 1855-1926 American Railway Union Pauline Newman 1890-1986 International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union Albert Shanker 1928-1997 American Federation of Teachers

16. Some Key Events in U.S. Labor History

17. List of Major Labor Laws

18. Child Labor 1836 -- National Trades’ Union Convention make the first formal proposal for states to establish minimum ages for factory work 1836-- 1st state child labor law. Massachusetts mandates children less than 15 working in factories to attend school at least 3 months a year 1876 -- Working Men’s Party proposes abolishing the employment of children under the age of 14 1881 -- American Federation of Labor passes a resolution for states to ban children under 14 from employment 1904 -- National Child Labor Committee forms to campaign for federal child labor law reform 1936 -- Walsh-Healey Act passed. U.S. government will not purchase goods made by underage children 1938 -- Fair Labor Standards Act. Minimum ages of employment and hours of work for children regulated by federal law Bibb Mill, Macon, GA. 11 year old girl. Rhodes Manufacturing Co. N.C. Photos by Lewis Hine. See http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/index.html Hughestown Borough Coal Co. Pittston, PA