CLIMATIC ZONES FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

1. ARC 810: BUILDING CLIMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE CLIMATIC ZONES FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

2. SUB – TOPICS 1.1 Climatic zones for architectural design 1.2 General design guidelines 1.3 Design in the coastal zone 1.4 Design in the forest zone 1.5 Design in the transitional zone 1.6 Design in the highland zone

3. SUB – TOPICS (CONT’D) 1.7 Design in the savannah zone 1.8 Design in the semi-desert zone

4. INTRODUCTION Climatic zones for architectural design are defined by boundaries where a change in the thermal comfort requirements should be reflected in changed building elements.

5. INTRODUCTION (CONT’D) • Six climatic zones for architectural design have been defined for Nigeria. They are: • The Coastal Zone • The Forest Zone • The Transitional Zone • The Savannah Zone • The Highland Zone • Semi-desert Zone

6. INTRODUCTION (CONT’D) These six climatic zones for architectural design defined for Nigeria have some general design guidelines common to them. However, the design guidelines for some requirements need varying specifications.

7. INTRODUCTION (continued) • These requirements are: • Site planning • Design of openings • Structure and materials • Outdoor spaces

8. 1.1 CLIMATIC ZONES FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Many design variables, such as orientation, are determined by the requirements for thermal comfort and these requirements are related directly to climate which shows a strong but indirect link between climate and building design.

9. 1.2 GENERAL DESIGN GUIDELINES • These general design recommendations have application in Nigeria: • Protective screens for mosquitoes and flies. • Curtains for privacy and ventilation regulation. • Internal openings without doors for good ventilation.

10. 1.2 GENERAL DESIGN GUIDELINES (CONT’D) • Casement window to keep out rain penetration and draught.

11. 1.3 DESIGN IN THE COASTAL ZONE • LAGOS AND PORT-HARCOURT • North - South building layout. • Provision for ventilation through single-banking and good spaces between buildings. • Protection against solar penetration. • Provision of large openings with sun-shading devices.

12. 1.3 DESIGN IN THE COASTAL ZONE • LAGOS AND PORT-HARCOURT (CONT’D) • Use of light wall and floor materials with low thermal capacity and light finishes for solar heat and driving rain protection. • Use of light and reflective roof. • Provision of overhangs, verandas and courtyards.

13. 1.4 DESIGN IN THE FOREST ZONE • OSOGBO AND IBADAN • Little exposure of building to Western Sun. • Provision for ventilation through single-banking and good spaces between buildings. • Use of trees and shrubs for wind protection.

14. 1.4 DESIGN IN THE FOREST ZONE • OSOGBO AND IBADAN (CONT’D) • Shaded medium-sized openings in North-south walls protected against rain penetration. • Use of light-weight walls and floors materials with low- thermal capacity, short-time lag and light finishes with protection against rain.

15. 1.4 DESIGN IN THE FOREST ZONE • OSOGBO AND IBADAN (CONT’D) • Use of light reflective roof with cavity. • Use of overhangs, verandas, balconies and courtyards for cross-ventilation.

16. 1.5 DESIGN IN THE TRANSITIONAL ZONE • LOKOJA AND ILORIN • Minimal exposure of building surfaces to the sun. • Provision for breeze penetration and ventilation through good spacing of buildings and single-banking. • Use of trees and shrubs for wind protection.

17. 1.5 DESIGN IN THE TRANSITIONAL ZONE • LOKOJA AND ILORIN (CONT’D) • Shaded medium-sized openings. • Use of high thermal capacity and heavy walls and floors materials with a time lag of over 8 hours. • Use of well insulated light roofs with reflective and water-resistant surfaces. • Use of courtyards and verandas.

18. 1.6 DESIGN IN THE HIGHLAND ZONE • JOS • Compact courtyard planning for privacy, heat and land conservation. • Double-banking and provision of shade trees. • Protection against solar gain. • Use of internal walls for air flow.

19. 1.6 DESIGN IN THE HIGHLAND ZONE • JOS (CONTINUED) • Composite openings with rain and sun protection. • Use of heavy wall, floor and roof material with a time lag of over 8 hours and light reflective finishes when light or medium weight materials are used.

20. 1.6 DESIGN IN THE HIGHLAND ZONE • JOS (CONTINUED) • Use of shaded courtyards, verandahs and patios.

21. 1.7 DESIGN IN THE SAVANAH ZONE • SOKOTO AND KANO • Protection of building surface against solar gains. • Use of open spacing for ventilation with wind protection. • Single-banked rooms with permanent provision for air movement. • Composite openings.

22. 1.7 DESIGN IN THE SAVANAH ZONE • SOKOTO AND KANO (CONT’D) • Open vents with protection against sun and rain penetration. • Heavy walls, floors and roofs with high thermal capacity and a time lag of over 8 hours. • Shaded and partly enclosed courtyards and verandas.

23. 1.8 DESIGN IN THE SEMI-DESERT ZONE • KATSINA AND NGURU • Compact courtyard planning. • Double-banked rooms and temporary provision for air movement. • Use of trees for shading. • Small openings on internal walls about 15 to 35% of the wall area with rain and sun protection.

24. 1.8 DESIGN IN THE SEMI-DESERT ZONE • KATSINA AND NGURU (CONT’D) • Use of heavy walls, floors and roofs with a time lag of over 8 hours. • Provision of well-secured, shaded, and private courtyards.

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