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Module 4: Air Quality Around Production Facilities and Land Application Sites

Module 4: Air Quality Around Production Facilities and Land Application Sites. By Jeff Lorimor and David Schmidt. Introduction. One of nine training modules for animal feed-ing operation managers and employees and those applying manure.

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Module 4: Air Quality Around Production Facilities and Land Application Sites

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  1. Module 4: Air Quality Around Production Facilities and Land Application Sites By Jeff Lorimor and David Schmidt

  2. Introduction • One of nine training modules for animal feed-ing operation managers and employees and those applying manure. • Materials are available from MWPS and the National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  3. Topics of Discussion • Overview of • Reasons for air quality concerns • Measurement methods • Control technologies and management methods Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  4. Reasons for Air Quality Concerns • Over 200 different gases emitted • Dust and pathogen emissions • Health concerns in facilities • Odors are likely driving the issue. • Ambient measurements have exceeded regulatory thresholds. • No one can ignore the issue. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  5. Examples of Specific Concerns • Hydrogen sulfide • Strong odor • Health concerns with chronic concentrations of 7-30 ppb • Ammonia • Precursor to small dust formation • Environmental and health concerns • Methane • Global warming Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  6. Terminology • Emission vs. concentration • Average vs. peak • Mass/year emitted vs. ambient concentration Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  7. I am impacted by ambient concentrations. Concentration in emitted gas Concentration in building Concentrations Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  8. Concentration (mass/volume) x ventilation rate (volume/time) = emissions (mass/time) Emissions Concentration Vent rate (cfm) Tons per year Emissions Calculation Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  9. Gas and Dust Measurement • Emission rate varies widely depending on vent rate, time of day, management, etc. • Instantaneous emissions are needed for property line concentrations. • Average emissions are okay for determining annual emissions. • Instantaneous measurements are more expensive. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  10. Odor Concentration Measurement • With the human, nose is still best. • Detection Threshold–Concentration of odor where it can first be detected by “normal people.” Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  11. Dilution Example Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  12. Dilution Example Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  13. Dilution Example Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  14. Odor Measurement • Use Olfactometer or Scentometer to dilute air samples. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  15. Intensity • Another measure of odor strength • Strength of smell is ranked on a scale of 0-5 or 0-10. • Typically used in ambient air measurement • Community members can be trained on intensity. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  16. Controlling Emissions • Dilute or disperse the gases as they leave the site. • Capture and treat the gases before they leave the site. • Reduce the generation of gases. • Alter the microbial populations (change microbial environment). • Reduce the food for microbes. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  17. Emission Sources • Buildings • Open lots • Manure storages • Manure application • Silage piles • Dead animals • Septic system Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  18. Enhance Dispersion • Setback distances • Wind breaks or shelterbelts • Stacks • Similar for all sources Enhance Dispersion Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  19. Buildings (Capture and Treat) • Biofilters use microbes to convert odorousgases to carbon dioxide and water. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  20. Buildings (Reduce Generation) • Diet • Add bedding • Pit additives Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  21. Open Lots (Reduce Generation) • Control moisture content Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  22. Manure Storage (Capture and Treat) • Covers • Permeable • Impermeable Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  23. Manure Storage (Reduce Generation) • Physical (Separation) • Biological • Aerobic Digestion • Water and carbon dioxide • Anaerobic Digestion • Methane and carbon dioxide Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  24. Manure Stockpile • Enhance dispersion through proper siting (setback distances). • Keep piles dry. • Keep piles covered. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  25. Control From Land Application • Inject or incorporate. • Irrigate. • “Low odor” manure or • Large droplets • Low trajectory • Treat manure prior to land application. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  26. Develop an Odor Management Plan • All farms should have one in case a problem ever arises. • This plan maps out what steps will be taken to reduce odors. • Determine the odor sources on the farm. • List the technologies to reduce or control these emissions. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

  27. Summary • Issues related to gas, odor, and dust emissions from livestock and poultry facilities are here to stay. • Several technologies and management techniques are available to help reduce or control these emissions. Certified Nutrient Mangement Planning

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