The Olfactory System

1. The Olfactory System

2. Body Comparison Chart – White Wines

3. Body Comparison – Red Wines

4. Examples of light to full White Wines Light bodied white wines German whites (Niesteiner, Bernkastel), Frascati, Orvieto, Soave, Muscadet, Pinot Gris, Australian Riesling Medium bodied white wines Chenin Blanc,Unoaked Sauvignon Blanc & Chardonnay (Chablis), Alsatian Gewürztraminer & Rieslings, Pouilly Fume, Sancerre, Full bodied white wines Pouilly Fuisse, Californian and Australian oaked Chardonnay & Sauvignon Blanc, Meursault, Pouiligny Montrachet, Chasagne –Monrachet., Crozes Hermitage, St Joseph.

5. Examples of light to full Red Wines Light Reds Beaujolais, Beaujolais Nouve, Australian Pinot Noirs, Cote du Rhone, Bardolino, Lambrusco, Valpolicella, Medium Reds Burgundy Reds ( Nuits St George, Geveray Chambertin, Chianti Classico, Heavy Reds Bordeaux reds ( St Julien, St Emilion, Medoc,)Chateau neaf du Pape, Californian, Australian, Chilean Cabernet Sauvignons, Shiraz, Merlot, Barolo, Barbaresco, Zinfandel,

6. Baume = Be◦ 1Be◦ = 18 Grams of sugar in a litre of liquid. Theoretically 1Be◦ Sugar converted to alcohol will produce 1% Alc by volume.

7. Wine classification 1Be◦ Converted to alcohol = 1 % Alc 2Be◦ Converted to alcohol = 2 % Alc 10Be◦ converted to alcohol = 10% Alc 14Be◦ converted to alcohol = 14% 16 Be◦ converted to alcohol = 14% Alc + 2Be◦ Sugar. (2Be◦ X 18 Grams = 36 grams of sugar in a litre.

8. SELECTION OF REGION … GROWING CLIMATE Climate World Zone – “Double Belt” Wind Temperature Microclimates Heat – Summation Method of Classification Matching Varieties to regions Impact of region on varietals character

9. WINE TASTING Objective Tasting Analytical Reasoned Professional Factual Subjective Tasting Personal Emotional Biased Individual

10. THE TASTE SEQUENCE EYE - Colour, Tone(Tinge), Condition, Viscosity Effervescence NOSE - Aroma, Bouquet MOUTH- Tongue – Savour Taste Smell – Aroma, Bouquet Tactile – Astringency, Body, Viscosity, Gas, Hotness – Alcohol

11. QUESTIONS TO ASK IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND WINE What colour is the wine ? Is it light or deep coloured, brilliant in condition. Green, Yellow, Golden or brown Tones in White Wines Purple, Crimson or Ruby, Red, Brick Red, Opaque, Reddish Brown or Amber- brown Tones in Red Wines Does the Smell remind you of anything ? Fruit, Floral, Herbaceous,Off Smells, Wood, Any particular fruit, flower, wood, Strange aromas, Kerosene, tobacco, gun powder, cats piss Is the Wine : Dry or Sweet Fruity, Floral, Herbaceous, Woody or Any other. Any particular fruit, flower, herb, oak or other. Acidic or moderate astringent Light or heavy on the palate Is the aftertaste clean or unpleasant Long or short

12. Water Management Pruning/ Thinning Climate Training/ Trellising Pest Management Cultural Practices Soil Varietal/ Clone Cover Crops Rootstock Soil Amelioration The Gallo of Sonoma Quality Circle Fine Vine growing The Elements of Terroir Climate Soil Cultural Practices

13. SELECTION OF REGION … GROWING CLIMATE Climate World Zone – “Double Belt” Wind Temperature Microclimates Heat – Summation Method of Classification Matching Varieties to regions Impact of region on varietals character

14. Grape growing centered in two belts (30°-50° Latitude): 50 40 30 30 40 50 Fine Winegrowing Macroclimate • The poles…too cold • The Equator…too humid • It’s a function of BALANCE...

16. The Impact of Soil Water Management Pruning/ Thinning Climate Training/ Trellising Pest Management Cultural Practices Soil Varietal/ Clone Cover Crops Rootstock Soil Amelioration The Gallo of Sonoma Quality Circle Fine Winegrowing

17. Soil The grape vine often thrives where other plants fail. Generally speaking: poor soil – low yields of fine quality wine rich soil – higher yields of less good quality wine

18. Soil Vines planted in poor soils are forced to grow a deep and extensive root system to extract moisture and nutrients from the subsoil, which is rich in minerals. These minerals, which include copper, iron and magnesium, enrich the juice of the grape and intensify the flavour of the wine.

19. Whatever the soil, good drainage is essential The best soils provide good drainage naturally.

20. The Impact of Climate Water Management Pruning/ Thinning Climate Training/ Trellising Pest Management Cultural Practices Soil Varietal/ Clone Cover Crops Rootstock Soil Amelioration The Gallo of Sonoma Quality Circle Fine Vinegrowing

21. Fine Winegrowing The Impact of Climate Climate: Long-term weather pattern of an area, including the elements of Temperature, Moisture, Sunlight, and Wind. Macroclimate: Climate of the Region Mesoclimate: Climate of the Vineyard Site Microclimate: Climate of the Cluster