VDPAM 445 Swine Topics Enteric Disease Control

1. VDPAM 445Swine TopicsEnteric Disease Control Dr. Alex Ramirez Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Iowa State University

2. Neonatal Diarrhea

3. Neonatal Immunity • Age of immunocompetency • Around day 70 of gestation • Antigen dependent • Colostral immunity • IgG primarily  systemic antibodies • Acquisition stops: no more produced, no more absorbed • Titer in sow at farrowing = titer of pig at 4 weeks of age • Lactogenic immunity • IgA local antibodies in the gut • Milk origin

4. Neonatal Diarrhea • Differential diagnosis • E. coli • K88, K99, F41, 987, etc. • Viral • Rota • TGE • Coccidiosis • Clostrium spp • Clostridium perfringes type C & A • Clostridium difficlile

5. Coccidiosis

6. Coccidiosis • Usually only a problem in farrowing or early nursery • Isospora suis • Minimum age = 5 days • No approved treatments • Marquis (15% w/w ponazuril) Antiprotozoal Oral Paste by Bayer

7. Clostridiums

8. Clostridiums • Clostridium perfringens – Rot gut • Toxin driven • C = traditional more common • A = “newer” • Acute: blood • Chronic: rope gut • DDx = coccidiosis • Prevention • Vaccination Pre-farrow • Feed sows BMD 14 days pre-farrow & lactation

9. Clostridium perfringens

10. Clostridiums • Clostridium difficile • Incidence • Antibiotic use • Discontinue antibiotics • Re-establish normal microbial flora

11. Neonatal Diarrhea • Treat baby pigs • Treat whole litter • Be aggressive – dehydration • Environment • Temperature • Moisture • Prevention  Sows • Vaccination • Oral feedback

12. Post-Weaning Diarrhea(PWD)

13. Post Weaning Diarrhea- PWD • Classic PWD caused by E. coli • Often hemolytic • F18 pillus antigen type is most common • Pigs can be bred to be resistant: gene probe selection • TGE after an outbreak can persist in the nursery and will mimic PWD • Historically right after weaning, now 2-3 weeks into nursery (withdrawal of animal proteins?) • SBM hypersensitivity • Transition diets especially pellet  ground

14. Post Weaning Diarrhea- PWD • Classic PWD caused by E. coli • Can also have acute septicemic disease resulting in sudden death in nursery and suckling pigs • Edema disease: shiga-like toxins • Vascular effects • CNS signs: focal encephalomalacia • Acute deaths • Poor doers • PCR organism to check for genetic codes • Pilli • F18, K88, K99, 987, F41 • Toxins • Sta, Stb, LT, Stx2e

15. Post Weaning Diarrhea- PWD

16. Post Weaning Diarrhea- PWD • Pre-disposers • Chilling: cold floors, drafts • Poor diet quality • Ingredient quality: fish meal • Pellet integrity • Least cost formulations • Feed changes, medication changes, simultaneous feed and medication changes • Poor sanitation between groups: some plastic floors are hard to clean • Feeding mats moving to disposable/biodegradable • Major problem in some large systems

17. PWD: Therapy • Enteric infection  oral medication • “Nutritional” prevention via diet or water • Plasma proteins (7.5% of diet) until 15#’s • May break upon withdrawal; continual at lower level until 25#’s • Plasma proteins in water (Solutein- APC) • Zinc oxide • <15# - 3,000 ppm • 15-30# - 2,000 ppm • Citric acid (1# per gallon of stock solution) or other organic acids • Vitamins and electrolytes in water: supportive

18. PWD: Therapy • Antibiotic therapy in feed for prevention • Apralan (150 gram per ton) • Mecadox (50 gram per ton) • Denagard (35 gram per ton) Plus (400 grams CTC) • Antibiotics in water for prevention or treatment • 4-5 day treatment • Spectinomycin (5 mg/#) • Gentamycin (1-2 mg/#) • Neomycin (2-10 mg/#) • Amoxicillin, Ampicillin • Antibiotics – “red butt” condition

19. PWD Rule-outs • Carryover from farrowing • Coccidiosis • Rotavirus • Endemic TGE • Plus or minus carryover from farrowing • Loss of lactogenic immunity at weaning plus environmental exposure  TGE

20. PWD Treatments • Prevention • Environment • Sanitation • Vaccination • Oral F18 • Feed • Antibiotics • Feed • Water

21. Ileitis(PPE, PIA)

22. Ileitis • Caused by Lawsonia intracellularis • Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy (PPE) • Three main forms • PIA: porcine intestinal adenomatosis • Ileal villi develop secondary and tertiary branches  thickening of the ileal mucosa • Necrotic form: fibrinonecrotic membrane forms on ileal mucosa, may extend to colon • Acute hemorrhagic form  sudden death • Most common in gilts and sows

23. Ileitis • Clinical signs • Poor doing pig • Mal-absorption • Protein losing enteropathy • Diarrhea: orange tinge suggestive of partially digested blood, over blood with acute hemorrhagic form • Many times soft or loose stools are over interpreted • Increase number of cull or light weight pigs

24. Ileitis Lesions

25. Ileitis: Treatment • Antibiotics that work: Tylan, CTC, Lincomycin, Denagard (Tiamulin), Mecadox • Acute hemorrhagic form in older finishers/gilts/sows • Inject with Tylan (10 mg/# SID) • Inject with Lincomycin (5 mg/# SID) • Follow-up with 100 gram/ton Tylan in the feed for 2-3 weeks • Outbreak in growing pigs • Inject severe cases with Tylan (dose as above) • Water soluble Tylan • Water soluble Denegard

26. Ileitis Control • MLV product from BI • Timing and handling of vaccine is critical • Oral administration via medicator • Administer vaccine over 4 hour period • No feed medication for 3 days prior to vaccination • Starter pack - binds chlorine in water and colors water blue • Monitoring stools is commonly done to “titrate” antibiotic control programs

27. Ileitis Treatment • Vaccination • Prevention though antibiotics • Feed • Water • Don’t forget market-ready pigs!

28. Don’t Forget PCV2  Diarrhea similar to Ileitis

29. Swine Dysentery

30. Swine Dysentery Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Characteristics Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea Marked inflammation Large intestine only (cecum and/or colon) Grow finishing pigs (usually >50 lbs) Spirochetal colitis  B. pilosicoli

31. Swine Dysentary Prevention Negative replacement stock Wean < 21 days Rodent control Treatment Medication Feed: Mecadox, Lincocin, Denegard Sanitation Rodent control

32. Salmonellosis

33. Salmonellosis • Primarily Salmonella cholerasuis • Salmonella typhimurium can cause diarrhea • Wide variety of organisms can be food borne pathogens • Often stress/environment induced • Clinical signs • Severe lethargy (very sick): +/- fever • Purple discoloration of ears and belly = septicemia • Diarrhea: +/- blood • Pneumonia

34. Salmonellosis • Lesions • Splenomegaly • Inflamed intestine • Pneumonia – interstitial (wet lungs) • Button ulcers on mucosal surface: primarily in colon • Hemorrhagic lymph nodes • Especially gastro-hepatic • Other signs of septicemia • Diagnosis via culture

35. Salmonellosis

36. Salmonellosis: Treatment • Injectables • Naxcel (per label), Spectinomycin (ELU), Nuflor (ELU) • Water medication • Neomycin, Gentamycin, Spectinomycin (ELU) • Respiratory - Nuflor • Feed medication • Mecadox (50 gram/ton) • Neomycin and Terramycin (200 gram/ton of each) • Many other options in foreign countries including quinolones

37. Salmonellosis Control • Vaccination • S. cholerasuis +/- S. typhimurium • MLV’s are effective • Oral • IN • IM • Killed vaccines have poor efficacy • Environment is the primary focus: sanitation

38. Salmonellosis Treatment • Vaccination • Antibiotics • Prevention – Feed • Treatment • Water • Injectable • Feed • Sanitation

39. Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome (HBS)

40. Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome • Definition of syndrome: consistent clinical signs and/or lesions but cause unknown • Older (>150#) finishing pigs found dead • +/- bloated abdomen • Post-mortem lesions • Uniform hemorrhagic appearance of entire gut or small intestines only • Lumen content hemorrhagic and not clotting • No palpable volvulus of the mesenteric root

41. Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome

42. Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome • Current thinking is that torsion or volvulus is primary problem: resolve in agonal state • More common in deep bellied pigs? • Control via feed grade medication? • 100 grams per ton of tetracycline with or without 30 grams per ton of BMD (Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate) • Added fiber to the diet • Usually sporadic incidence (<1%) so hard to justify therapy costs

43. Gastric Ulcers

44. Gastric Ulcers • Pigs will start to develop erosions of the non-glandular portion of the stomach within 24-48 hours of feed removal • Out of feed • Sick due to something else: pneumonia • Erosion can vary from superficial to complete penetrating • Acute cases • Pig found dead with large blood clot in stomach • Anemia – very pale

45. Gastric Ulcers • Subacute cases • Pig found dead or live but very sick with blood in small intestine but no inflammation of intestine • Chronic cases • Gaunt pig with black, tarry looking stool • Pale appearance - Anemia • Lesion • Non-glandular portion of stomach where esophagus enters is eroded (pitted, indented) • Normally this surface is slightly elevated from rest of stomach mucosa

46. Gastric Ulcers

47. Gastric Ulcers • Peritonitis with perforation • Local or generalized • Pre-disposers • Other diseases that caused reduced appetite: mainly respiratory • Feed not available: plugged feeder, late deliveries • Fine grind to corn (<500-700 microns) • Pellet diets • Common end stage cause of finisher mortality

48. Other Diseases

49. Additional Information: • Whipworms – outdoor production, pet pigs • Ascarids – outdoor production, pet pigs • Rectal stricture – congenital, 2ndary to salmonellosis • Rectal prolapse – several techniques to repair but not a high yield procedure

50. Whipworms • Trichuris suis • Worms are visible in large intestine and cecum • Must look closely or use a magnifying lens • Ileal-cecal junction if good are to look • Clinical signs • Diarrhea +/- blood • Poor doing pigs • Pre-disposers • Dirt lot environment • Low protein diets • Antihelminitcs – NOT Ivomec!