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无创性产前诊断 Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis

无创性产前诊断 Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis. 浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院 田永红. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis. Overview. ★ 全世界每年约有 500 万缺陷儿出生,巨大的精神和经济负担。产前诊断, 及时 发现,及时终止妊娠是防治出生缺陷的重要措施。我国每年人口出生缺陷已达 80 ~ 120 万人,占我国出生人口的 4 %~ 6 %。. Women’s Hospital. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis.

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无创性产前诊断 Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis

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  1. 无创性产前诊断 Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis 浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院 田永红

  2. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Overview ★全世界每年约有500万缺陷儿出生,巨大的精神和经济负担。产前诊断,及时发现,及时终止妊娠是防治出生缺陷的重要措施。我国每年人口出生缺陷已达80~120万人,占我国出生人口的4%~6%。 Women’s Hospital

  3. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Overview ★产前诊断又称宫内诊断或出生前诊断,是指在胎儿出生前用各种方法诊断胎儿是否患有某种遗传病或先天性疾病的一种手段,是人类细胞遗传学、分子遗传学、生物化学和临床医学实践紧密结合的一门学科 ★分为创伤性和无创性两种 Women’s Hospital

  4. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Overview ★母亲血清生物学筛查 ,单项检查阳性率低,特异性差,往往采用联合筛查的方法。 ★植入前遗传学诊断 (preimplantation genetic diagnosis,PGD) ★宫腔灌洗收集滋养细胞 ★超声检查、胎儿镜 ★羊水、绒毛 ★脐带血 ★X线检查 ★磁共振成像检查 ★母血胎儿成分 Women’s Hospital

  5. Fetal cells 1 Cell-free fetal (cff) DNA 2 母血胎儿成分 Cell-free fetal (cff) RNA 3 Summary 4

  6. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Fetal cells [1]滋养层细胞 [2]胎儿淋巴细胞 [3]胎儿粒细胞 [4]胎儿有核红细胞 (nucleated red blood cell,NRBC) 胎儿有核红细胞被认为是目前产前诊断最理想的细胞,因其具有以下特点: 包含完整的胎儿基因组可反映胎儿全部遗传信息;孕早期即出现在母体外周血中,且数量相对较多,孕11周时在母体循环中占全部红细胞总数的10%,区别于其他细胞的形态学特征和多种筛选标记。 Women’s Hospital

  7. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Technologic consideration ★根据NRBC的物理特性分离:包括密度梯度离心法和显微操作分离 ★免疫学方法分离:磁性激活细胞分选法是利用磁珠标记的抗体与相应细胞结合后在磁场作用下将NRBC从母体血中分离 ★最近报道的亲和素分离法,使大豆凝集素(SBA) 与NR—Bc表面半乳糖残基结合,分离胎儿RBC ★由于缺乏一种完全特异性的筛选标记,且孕妇 外周血中的NRBC部分为母亲来源的,目前利用 NRBC进行非创伤性产前诊断时,须对分离到的 RBC来源进行鉴定:Y染色体PCR扩增;FISH鉴 定;基因连锁分析 Women’s Hospital

  8. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Clinical applications ★21三体,13三体综合征和18三体综 合征 ★常染色体遗传病 地中海贫血 ★感染的产前诊断 HCMV ★X连锁隐性遗传病 Duchenne 综合征 Women’s Hospital

  9. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Consideration & prospect ★母体外周血中胎儿细胞数量极少,应用于产前诊断的关键在于细胞的分离,纯化和鉴定。目前还没有一种可靠的特异性检测手段可以简单的将母体外周血中的胎儿细胞分离出来,关于能否经过培养得到胎儿有核红细胞的克隆及具体培养条件等问题仍存在分歧。 ★利用胎儿细胞进行产前诊断因其操作复杂,价格昂贵,目前也只是停留在实验室研究阶段,且只涉及到了胎儿性别诊断,非整倍体,部分单基因遗传病和感染性疾病的诊断,更多的疾病仍在探讨之中。这些都将是今后该领域的发展方向。 Women’s Hospital

  10. Fetal cells 1 Cell-free fetal (cff) DNA 2 母血胎儿成分 Cell-free fetal (cff) RNA 3 Summary 4

  11. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Cell-free fetal (cff) DNA Lo YM, Corbetta N, Chamberlain PR, Rai V, Sargent IL, Redman CWG, Wainscoat JS.1997. Presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum. Lancet 350:485–487. Women’s Hospital

  12. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Tissue source ①主要源于胎盘滋养细胞[Guibert et al., 2003, HumReprod 18:1733–1736.],小部分源于胎儿造血细胞[Cheung et al., 1996, Nature Genet 145:264–268.]。 ②胎儿组织在发育过程中自然凋亡,释放出的DNA经母-胎 界面进入母血循环中[Bischoff et al., 2005, Repro BioMed Online76:349–351.]。 ③胎儿DNA直接从胎儿组织中释放,经母-胎界面进入母血中,药物终止妊娠的妇女血浆中的胎儿DNA含量持续升高直至胚胎排出 。 ④妇血中胎儿细胞。胎儿细胞通过胎盘屏障渗透到母体,被母体的免疫系统识别为异物,受到免疫攻击,致使细胞核膜溶解,DNA释放入母血循环中。 ⑤血浆中胎儿DNA升高可能与其清除率下降有关,肝肾是清除胎儿DNA的主要器官,而一些妊娠合并症例如子痫前期-子痫,孕妇的肝肾功能下降,而导致胎儿游离DNA异常增高。 Women’s Hospital

  13. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Cff DNA Kinetics DNA的基本特点 ①含量是孕妇血液中胎儿细胞的DNA 970倍。 ②含量有一定的变化规律。妊娠第5周开始可检出胎儿游离DNA,随着孕周增加而增加,存在个体差异。 ③ 不同于母体DNA。妊娠后血浆母源性DNA分子长度明显增加,而血浆胎源性DNA分子较母源性分子长度短很多,提取、分离胎儿DNA更容易、便捷。 ④分娩后短时间内消失,平半衰期为16.3min (4-30min), 2h就无法检出。 Women’s Hospital

  14. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Technologic consideration PCR是目前用来定性和定量诊断胎儿DNA的主要技术 套式PCR、引物延伸预扩增[PEP]-PCR法、实时荧光定量Q-PCR法及比较基因组杂交(comparative genomehybridization,CGH)等 。 Women’s Hospital

  15. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Clinical application ①性连锁疾病 ② Rh血型不合 ③父系遗传性疾病 ④染色体非整倍体胎儿 ⑤早产[Farina et al., 2005 Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:421–425.] 另外,胎儿游离DNA水平的升高还与妊娠剧 吐、羊水过多、子痫前期和HELLP综合征等有 关。 Women’s Hospital

  16. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Consideration & prospect 问题:[1]胎儿DNA的释放机制未完全明了,参与的优势细胞群未证实; [2]母血循环中胎儿DNA是否有转录活性。最近发现,母胎血浆DNA的嵌和性也是一种双向现象,母血中可找到胎儿DNA,在胎血中也可找到母DNA,为进一步研究母胎之间交互作用的研究打开新局面 [3]提取:PCR假阴性、假阳性,性别的局限性,大部分染色体病不能有效诊断等。 展望:1.广泛而深远的应用价值,必定会有更多胎儿DNA遗传标志用于产前诊断 2.孕胎儿游离DNA,其浓度较高,比细胞法更快速、可靠、简便易行,而且产后短时间内即可清除,不干扰诊断,有利于临床推广。 3.很多病理妊娠的发病机制可通过研究母血中胎儿DNA,在分子水平上揭示疾病的发生、发展,发展趋势及预后。 Women’s Hospital

  17. Fetal cells 1 Cell-free fetal (cff) DNA 2 母血胎儿成分 Cell-free fetal (cff) RNA 3 Summary 4

  18. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Cell-free fetal (cff) RNA Poon LLM, Leung TN, Lau TK, Lo YMD. 2000.Presence of fetal RNA in maternal plasma.Clin Chem 46:1832–1834. Women’s Hospital

  19. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Tissue source ★ Fetal hematopoietic cells [Wataganara et al., 2004 Ann NY Acad Sci 1022:129–134.] and the placenta [Ng et al. 2003 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 4748–4753 & Tsui et al., 2004 J Med Genet 41:461–497.]can contribute to the pool of cff mRNA detected in the maternal circulation. Women’s Hospital

  20. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Cff mRNA Kinetics ①Placental mRNA transcripts can be detected in the plasma of a pregnant woman by the 4th week of gestation and have a median half-life of 14 min [Chiu et al., 2006 Clin Chem 52:313–316.]. ② There appears to be a preponderance of 50 mRNA fragments of circulating placental RNA in maternal plasma [Wong et al., 2005 Clin Chem 51:1786–1795.]. ③one important distinction between cff DNA and cff mRNA is that total cff RNA levels do not rise throughout pregnancy. Women’s Hospital

  21. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Technologic considerations ★Messenger RNA,in general, is notoriously unstable. ★Theauthors also found thatmRNAwas stableafter a single freeze/thaw cycle. Thisunexpected finding suggests that cffmRNA might be stabilized throughparticle-binding [Ng et al., 2002Clin Chem 48:1212–1217.]. Women’s Hospital

  22. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Clinical application ★ Circulating levels of mRNA have been used to diagnose both preeclampsia [Ng et al., 2003 ClinChem 49:727–731.] and aneuploidy [Oudejans et al., 2003 Clin Chem 49:1445–1449.]. Women’s Hospital

  23. Fetal cells 1 Cell-free fetal (cff) DNA 2 母血胎儿成分 Cell-free fetal (cff) mRNA 3 Summary 4

  24. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Summary ★十多年来,取得了长足发展 ★加深对生理妊娠、病理妊娠的理解 ★ 发展方向:早期、快速、准确、无创伤、高通量、低成本和低劳动强度 Women’s Hospital

  25. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis Women’s Hospital

  26. Non-invasive test for prenatal diagnosis 一滴水, 可以反映太阳的光辉! 一滴血, 可以预测胎儿的健康? Women’s Hospital

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